Background:

- Some men with prostate cancer have their prostate glands removed. The cancer can still come back. Researchers want to know if receiving a vaccine before prostate removal surgery can lead to less recurrence.

Objective:

- To see if a vaccine and booster shots given to men with prostate cancer before surgery changes the immune cells in the prostate gland.

Eligibility:

- Men age 18 and older who have prostate cancer that has not spread, and who want to have their prostate glands removed as treatment.

Design:

• Participants will be screened by their regular cancer care. They may have a small piece of prostate removed.
• Participants must practice effective birth control before and during the study treatment and for 1 month after the last vaccine booster.
• Participants will have a medical history, physical exam, and blood and liver tests. They will be asked about how they perform daily activities.
• Participants will have a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the prostate. The scanner is a metal cylinder in a strong magnetic field. Participants will lie on a table that slides in and out of the scanner.
• Participants will be injected with the vaccine, most likely in the leg. They will be injected with the vaccine booster 3 times over several weeks.
• At each booster visit, participants will have a medical history, physical exam, and blood and liver tests.
• Participants will have another MRI. Then they will have surgery to remove their prostate.
• Participants will have 2 follow-up visits during the year after surgery. They will have a medical history, physical exam, and blood test.

Background

• Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is the most common cancer diagnosis in American males and follows lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer death.
• Vaccine strategies represent a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment for prostate cancer. One potential target for a prostate cancer vaccine is prostatic specific antigen (PSA), due to its restricted expression on prostate cancer and normal prostatic epithelial cells.
• A neoadjuvant approach may be of potential benefit providing prolonged protection via the patient s immune system against future recurrence.
• PROSTVAC is a vaccine that induces strong immune responses, has shown promising evidence of activity in a randomized phase II study (8.5 month improvement in median overall survival) and is currently in phase III clinical testing.
• This vaccine has been tested in locally recurrent prostate cancer with substantial inflammatory infiltrates within the prostate seen following subcutaneous and intraprostatic injection.

Objectives

-The primary objective is to evaluate the post vaccine immunologic cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) and cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) cell infiltrate response of a neoadjuvant vaccine strategy in prostatectomy specimens in patients who plan to undergo radical prostatectomy.

Eligibility

• Patients must have biopsy proven prostate cancer and are surgical candidates for radical prostatectomy
• Must be of sufficient good health to be surgical candidates for radical prostatectomy and have elected radical prostatectomy for management of their prostate cancer
• Granulocyte count is greater than or equal to 1,500/mm(3), Platelet is greater than or equal to 50,000/mm(3), hemoglobin (Hgb) is greater than or equal to 8 g/dL, Bilirubin < 1.5mg/dL, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) < 2.5x upper limit of normal (ULN), Creatinine is less than or equal to 1.5 X ULN
• Pre-intervention biopsy tissue must be available either from outside institution or repeat biopsy

Design

• This study will utilize rV-PSA(L155)-TRICOM (PROSTVAC-V) as a priming vaccination followed by monthly boosting with rF-PSA (L155)-TRICOM (PROSTVAC-F) for 3 months.
• Patients will undergo radical prostatectomy after 4 months of treatment with PROSTVAC-V/F.
• The maximum accrual to the trial will be 27 patients.

-INCLUSION CRITERIA

1. Patients must have histopathological documentation of adenocarcinoma of the prostate prior to starting this study and evaluable biopsy tissue (e.g., unstained slides or blocks) available for analysis. If evaluable tissue is not available, the patient must agree to undergo a pre-vaccination prostate biopsy on study as an alternative to having available tissue available.

2. Patients must be a surgical candidate for radical prostatectomy based on standard workup of prostatic specific antigen (PSA), biopsy results, and if necessary supplemental imaging.

3. Patients must have chosen radical prostatectomy as their definitive treatment of choice for management of their prostate cancer.

4. Patients must have a performance status of 0 to 1 according to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) criteria

5. No systemic steroid or steroid eye drop use within 2 weeks prior to initiation of experimental therapy. Limited doses of systemic steroids to prevent intravenous (IV) contrast, allergic reaction or anaphylaxis (in patients who have known contrast allergies) are allowed.

6. Hematological eligibility parameters (within one month of starting therapy):

   • Granulocyte count greater than or equal to 1,500/mm(3)
   • Platelet count greater than or equal to 50,000/mm(3)
   • Hemoglobin (Hgb) greater than or equal to 8 g/dL

7. Biochemical eligibility parameters (within one month of starting therapy):

   1. Hepatic function: Bilirubin < 1.5 mg/dl (OR in patients with Gilbert's syndrome, a total bilirubin less than or equal to 3.0 mg/dL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) < 2.5 times upper limit of normal.-. Creatinine less than or equal to 1.5 X ULN
   2. Creatinine less than or equal to 1.5 X ULN
   3. Patients must be test negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B and C.

8. Patients must not have other active invasive malignancies within the past 2 years (with the exception of non-melanoma skin cancers) or life threatening illnesses.

9. Patients must be willing to travel to the study site for follow-up visits.

10. Patients must be greater or equal to18 years of age.

11. All patients who have received prior vaccination with vaccinia virus (for smallpox immunization) must not have a history of allergy to the vaccine.

12. Patients must understand and sign informed consent that explains the neoplastic nature of their disease, the procedures to be followed, the experimental nature of the treatment, alternative treatments, potential risks and toxicities, and the voluntary nature of participation.

13. The effects of the study agents used in this protocol on the developing human fetus are unknown. For this reason men must agree to use adequate contraception (abstinence,vasectomy, or female partner use of intrauterine device (IUD), hormonal [birth control pills, injections, or implants], tubal ligation) prior to study entry and for up to one month after the last vaccination.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

1. Prior splenectomy.

2. The recombinant vaccinia vaccine should not be administered if the following apply to either recipients or, for at least 3 weeks after vaccination, their close household contacts (Close household contacts are those who share housing or have close physical contact):

   • Persons with active or a history of eczema or other eczematoid skin disorders
   • Those with other acute, chronic or exfoliative skin conditions (e.g., atopic dermatitis, burns, impetigo, varicella zoster, severe acne or other open rashes or wounds) until condition resolves
   • Pregnant or nursing women; children under 3 years of age
   • Patients should have no evidence, as listed below, of being immunocompromised:
   • HIV positivity due to the potential for decreased tolerance and risk for severe side effects.
   • Hepatitis B or C positivity.
   • Concurrent use of topical steroids (including steroid eye drops) or systemic steroids. This is to avoid immunosuppression which may lead to potential complications with vaccinia (priming vaccination). Nasal or inhaled steroid use is permitted.

3. Patients with known allergy to eggs.

4. Other serious intercurrent illness.

5. Patients with a history of unstable or newly diagnosed angina pectoris, recent myocardial infarction (within 6 months of enrollment) or New York Heart Association class II-IV congestive heart failure.

6. Patients with significant autoimmune disease that is active or potentially life threatening if activated.

7. Patients with clinically significant cardiomyopathy requiring treatment.

Date treatment consent signed to date off study, approximately 33 months and 5 days.