Intrauterine Cleaning After Placental Delivery at Cesarean Section: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Intrauterine Cleaning After Placental Delivery at Cesarean Section: a Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE:
To test the hypothesis that omission of intrauterine cleaning during cesarean deliveries does not increase intraoperative and postoperative complications.
METHODS:
We plan to randomize 206 women undergoing primary and repeat cesarean deliveries to cleaning (n=103) versus no cleaning (n=103) of the uterine cavity following placental delivery. Women will be excluded if any of the following criteria are encountered: preterm premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous rupture of membranes prior to cesarean section, chorioamnionitis, fetal demise, uncontrolled diabetes or an immunosuppressive disorder. Primary outcome measure will be endo-myometritis after delivery. Secondary outcomes will include post partum hemorrhage, mean surgical time, retained products of conception, retained placenta, quantitative blood loss, length of hospital stay, return of gastrointestinal function, repeat surgery, and hospital readmission rates. Analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle.
GENERAL DESIGN All eligible patients who are scheduled for cesarean section at the Sparrow hospital/Michigan State University Resident OBGYN and Perinatology clinics will be evaluated for study inclusion. Patients meeting this study's inclusion criteria and lack exclusion criteria will be approached for consent and enrollment.
Background
Caesarean section is the most common major surgical procedure performed in obstetric practice. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) estimates that in 2011 alone, one in three women who gave birth in the United States did so by cesarean delivery. Compared to vaginal births, the increasing rate of caesarean births worldwide is a well known cause of maternal morbidity, including hemorrhage, anesthetic complications, shock, cardiac arrest, acute renal failure, assisted ventilation, venous thromboembolism and increased risk of major postpartum infection.
With increasing cesarean section rates and its associated complications, obstetricians are challenged to reduce perioperative and postoperative morbidity by adapting their surgical skills and techniques. Over the years, randomized clinical trials have tried to answer many questions surrounding the safety of several cesarean section techniques that impart maternal morbidity. For example, the optimal type of cesarean section skin incision, whether or not to create a bladder flap, one layer versus two later closure of the uterus, irrigating the abdominal cavity, closure versus non closure of the parietal peritoneum, and suture versus staples for skin closure at cesarean section.
Cleaning the uterine cavity following cesarean section is a routine practice by many obstetricians. To ensure that the entire placenta and membranes are removed after delivery of the placenta at cesarean, the uterine cavity is usually cleaned with one hand holding a dry sponge to remove any remaining membranes or placental tissue, while the other hand is placed on the fundus to stabilize the uterus. However, despite the lack of evidence to support a policy of routine intrauterine cleaning after placental delivery at cesarean section, the benefits of intrauterine cleaning as a routine practice during cesarean sections remains uncertain. Obstetricians who do not routinely clean the uterine cavity after placental delivery argue that this procedure is not performed routinely after vaginal deliveries, and thus is a justification not to do so during cesarean sections..
To date, there has been no study, including randomized clinical trials that has answered this very important question, hence the importance of this trial.
Objective:
The goal of this study is to employ a well designed randomized controlled clinical trial to compare the efficacy of cleaning versus not cleaning the uterine cavity after placental delivery at cesarean section. We hypothesize that omission of intrauterine cleaning during cesarean deliveries does not increase intraoperative and postoperative complications
Our primary outcome measure will be endomyometritis after delivery. Endomyometritis will be diagnosed by the presence of two or more of the following: abnormally tender uterus on examination, temperature more than 38.0°C at any time postoperatively, and unexplained maternal tachycardia more than 100 beats per minute (bpm). A diagnosis of endomyometritis will be criteria for initiating treatment with antibiotics. Secondary outcomes will include post partum hemorrhage, mean surgical time, retained products of conception, retained placenta, quantitative blood loss, length of hospital stay, return of gastrointestinal function, repeat surgery, and hospital readmission rates
Potential Contribution:
This study may show an optimal method for dealing with the uterine cavity after placental delivery. The results may show in the long run whether routine cleaning of the uterine cavity following placental delivery is beneficial or not.
METHODS:
Timeline: Once this study is approved we plan on recruiting patients for 18 months. Once our recruitment period is complete we will perform data collection and analysis for two months. We have an estimated end date 3-4 months after recruitment has completed.
Recruitment: All eligible patients for cesarean section at the Sparrow hospital/Michigan State University OBGYN resident Clinic and OBGYN patients of the Sparrow Perinatal Center will be evaluated for study inclusion. All patients meeting the study's inclusion criteria and lack exclusion criteria will be approached for consent and enrollment. Patients will be given a consent form to review at home prior to their admission for cesarean section. For unscheduled patients, consent will be sought following the physician's decision to proceed with cesarean section. Patients will have adequate time to consider enrollment and discuss options with their physician prior to cesarean section. All eligible patients who present to labor and delivery for cesarean section will be examined upon presentation.
After inclusion criteria have been met, the patient will be approached for consent to participate in the study. Patients will be given study information and the consent form to review. Consent will be documented by the patient's signature indicating understanding and agreement to participate in the study.
Procedures: Patients admitted for cesarean section and meeting inclusion criteria will be approached for consent. Consented patients will then be randomized into two groups.
Group 1: (Cleaning the uterine cavity): These participants will have their uterine cavities cleaned with a dry laparotomy sponge after delivery of the placenta. Per standard protocol, the uterus will be explored with one hand holding a sponge to remove any remaining membranes or placental tissue, while the other hand is placed on the fundus to stabilize the uterus.
Group 2: (Not cleaning the uterine cavity): These participants will have their uterine cavities left alone after complete delivery of the placenta. The placenta will be inspected after delivery to make sure it is complete, including the membranes.
Assignment will be performed by opening a sequentially numbered opaque envelope containing computer-randomized individual allocations. The envelope will be opened by the circulation nurse in the operating room and silently viewed by the surgeons prior to surgery. Instructions will be given to not verbalize the treatment arm revealed. The original randomization will be performed by research staff before the initiation of the study using a random number table generator, and the participants will be blinded to treatment once assigned. Information regarding basic demographic data, interventions during the cesarean delivery and postpartum course will be obtained from the participant's charts after discharge from the hospital. The protocol for labor management will be the same for both groups (for laboring patients), including continuous electronic fetal monitoring with the external Doppler device. Per standard operative management at Sparrow Hospital/Michigan State University, both groups will undergo inspection of the uterine incision, with or without closure of the vesicouterine peritoneum (bladder flap), abdominal peritoneum, or rectus muscles per attending preference. Both groups will undergo standard closure of the abdominal fascia, consisting of suturing with a running non locking delayed absorbable suture. Irrigation of the subcutaneous tissues superior to the closed fascia will be performed in both groups. Staples or absorbable suture will be used for skin closure. In addition, all participants will receive a standardized dose of 1-2 g cefazolin intravenously as antibiotic prophylaxis before the start of surgery. Participants with cefazolin allergy will receive 900 mg clindamycin.
Informed Consent: All eligible patients undergoing cesarean delivery at Sparrow hospital will be given study information and the consent form to review. Consent will be documented by the patient's signature indicating understanding and agreement to participate in the study.
Sources of Materials: Data to be abstracted from the participant's charts will include demographic information (age, race, socioeconomic status), obstetric characteristics (parity, gestational age, indication for cesarean section, membrane status at time of cesarean section, and post operative complications as listed above). To protect patient confidentiality, only individuals directly involved in the study will have access to identifiable private patient information.
Data Security: Patient confidentiality will be protected by making sure that only individuals involved in the study will have access to identifiable patient information. Collected information will be coded and stripped of identifiers.
Statistical analysis: Analysis will be based on intention-to-treat. A Cox proportional hazard model will be used to estimate the hazards ratios between the two groups and will be adjusted for confounders. The proportional hazard assumption will be checked graphically by plotting the log-log of the survival probability and confirmed using Schoenfeld residuals. Comparison of other continuous variables will be done by independent t-test and categorical variables will be compared by the chi-squared test or Fisher exact test as appropriate. Interval data and non- parametric testing will be analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) will be reported throughout. A significance level of 0.05 will be used when significance testing was necessary. Logistic regression will be used to analyze for potential confounding in the analysis of the primary outcome. The predetermined analysis will be to include in the model variables that appeared not to be randomly distributed during the randomization, as well as variables thought to be potential confounders clinically. Analyses will be performed using STATA version 13.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX).
Sample Size estimation:
After reviewing the literature, we considered a 20% reduction between groups to be clinically significant. We used a 20% difference and a type 1 error rate of 0.05 and a power of 0.90 for a two sided test. This will require randomization of 206 women (103 patients in each group) to obtain an adequate sample size.
Assessment of Risks and benefits Subject Characteristics: Pregnant women with a singleton or multiple pregnancies, vertex or breech presentation with intact membranes presenting to our labor and delivery unit for an elective cesarean section will be eligible for participation. We anticipate enrolling a minimum of 206 patients. Women will be excluded if any of the following criteria are encountered: preterm premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous rupture of membranes prior to cesarean section, chorioamnionitis, fetal demise, uncontrolled diabetes or an immunosuppressive disorder. The involvement of pregnant women in this study, a vulnerable population, is inevitable since cesarean section is a procedure performed only in this patient population. The study will be restricted to Sparrow Hospital/Michigan State University.
Benefits: The study is not designed to provide direct benefits to research participants. However, if the hypothesis is true, participants in the study group may enjoy the benefit. Since the anticipated risks to participants are minimal, the risks to subjects are reasonable in relation to the anticipated benefits. The knowledge gained from this study has the potential of significantly impacting obstetrical clinical practice. It will provide evidence that can be used in decision making and options presented to women at cesarean section. The results, if our hypothesis is true, will contribute to the long term goal of providing safe efficacious options during cesarean section, which will reduce morbidity, cost of health care and length of hospital stay.
Potential Risks: Just like all cesarean sections, patients are at risk of hemorrhage, chorioamnionitis, anesthetic complications, hemorrhagic shock, cardiac arrest, acute renal failure, assisted ventilation, venous thromboembolism and post operative infections. In this study, even though we will not be cleaning the uterine cavity, we will ensure that the placenta and membranes are removed in its entirety.
Protection against Risks: Major risks above and beyond those incurred with standard medical care are not anticipated with this protocol. Cesarean section is a common procedure in obstetrical practice. Not cleaning the uterine cavity during cesarean section is standard of care by some of the attendings here at Sparrow. Safety will be monitored by the investigators. In the case of an adverse event, it will be submitted to the Human research Protection Office (HRPO) here at Sparrow per standard HRPO reporting guidelines.
Data and Safety Monitoring Plan: Although the risks to study participants are expected to be minimal and no greater than those associated with routine cesarean sections, a number of measures are planned to ensure patient safety. Monitoring will involve the principal investigator who will monitor, document, and report to the Institutional Review Board, any adverse events among study participants.
Data and Safety and Monitoring - Dr Maude Guerin will serve as the consultant for this research study. She will be tasked with ensuring the overall safety of the subjects enrolled in the study. She will be responsible for interpreting results of the interim analysis and making decisions including stopping the study.
Interim analysis- Interim efficacy analysis will be conducted with endometritis as the primary outcome of interest. Analyses will be performed by the study statistician and presented to the DSMB. The board will make a recommendation regarding further conduct of the study. The principal investigator will not be informed of the results of the interim analysis unless the DSMB determines that some level of unblinding is necessary to make final decisions about the conduct of the study. Possible decisions include stopping the study because efficacy has been achieved or because futility, and modifying sample size.
Inclusion Criteria:
Women with singleton or multiple pregnancies, vertex or breech presentation with intact membranes presenting to our labor and delivery unit for cesarean section will be evaluated for participation
Exclusion Criteria:
Women will be excluded if any of the following criteria are encountered: preterm premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous rupture of membranes prior to cesarean section, chorioamnionitis, fetal demise, uncontrolled diabetes or an immunosuppressive disorder.