The primary objective of this study is to assess the safety and tolerability, feasibility and biological activity (immunogenicity) of the actively personalized vaccination (APVAC) concept in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GB) patients.

This is a multicenter, open-label, single arm, first-in-man phase I trial to investigate the safety, feasibility and immunogenicity of the novel APVAC approach in patients with newly diagnosed GB.

Primary Endpoints:

• Safety: Determine the safety and tolerability profile of patient-tailored APVAC vaccines when administered with immunomodulators concurrent to maintenance temozolomide (TMZ) cycles.
• Feasibility: Determine duration and success rates for APVAC1 and APVAC2 processes and for vaccinations with APVAC drug products.
• Biological activity: Descriptive analysis of induced T-cell responses after vaccinations with APVAC1 and APVAC2 drug products plus immunomodulators.

Secondary Study Objectives:

• Identification of biomarkers putatively predictive for immunological response and/or associated with clinical success or failure. Analyzed biomarkers may include non-cellular parameters measured from tumor, plasma or serum, and cellular parameters measured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), leukapheresis samples or isolated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).
• Description of potential clinical activity of the APVAC drug products. Descriptive analysis of clinical outcome in patients will be reported including OS and PFS. Correlation analysis of these parameters with immune response data may provide first hints on clinical activity of the vaccine.

After the standard chemoradiotherapy with TMZ has been completed and as soon as the start of the first maintenance TMZ cycle the vaccination phase begins. It starts with the first APVAC1 vaccination, followed by additional APVAC2 vaccinations at a later time point and ends with the Last Endpoint Evaluation Visit (LEEV) of a patient.

Single vaccinations with APVAC vaccines consist of an intradermal (i.d.) injection of the personalized APVAC drug product into the skin of the thigh, shoulder or abdomen followed by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 1.5 mg poly-ICLC (Hiltonol®) in close proximity to the vaccination site. The second immunomodulator GM-CSF (75 μg) will be applied i.d. to the APVAC vaccination site 10-30 min before injection of the APVACs.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Histologically confirmed, newly diagnosed GB (astrocytoma WHO grade IV)
2. HLA phenotype defined by warehouse composition (HLA-A*02:01 or HLA-A*24:02 positive patients only; both as determined by a PCR-based 4-digit typing method)
3. Gross total resection (as defined by less than 1 cm2 residual tumor mass on the largest perpendicular axes in post-operative scan taken within 48 h post-surgery; standard MRI conformable to the present national and international guidelines is sufficient)
4. At least 0.5 g tumor tissue freshly cryopreserved during surgery
5. Age ≥18 years
6. KPS ≥70%
7. Life expectancy > 6 months
8. Patient is a candidate for and willing to receive standard CRT with TMZ followed by maintenance TMZ cycles
9. Patient is not on steroids or on stable or decreasing steroid levels not exceeding 2 mg/day dexamethasone (or equivalent doses of other steroids) during the last 3 days prior to enrollment
10. Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) >1.0 x109/L (re-screening of lymphocyte counts is allowed)
11. Ability of subject to understand and the willingness to sign written informed consent for study participation. Written consent by a legally authorized representative is not sufficient.
12. Availability of an APVAC analysis and manufacturing slot confirmed by the sponsor
13. Female patients who are post-menopausal (no menstrual period for a minimum of 1 year), or surgically sterile (bilateral tubal ligation, bilateral oophorectomy, or hysterectomy), practice one of the following medically acceptable methods of birth control (hormonal methods, intrauterine device or double-barrier methods) or practice total abstinence
14. Male patients willing to use contraception (condoms with spermicidal jellies or cream) upon study entry and during the course of the study, have undergone vasectomy or are practicing total abstinence

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Abnormal (≥ Grade 2 CTCAE v4.0) laboratory values for hematology, liver and renal function (serum creatinine). In detail the following values apply as exclusion criteria:

   1. Hemoglobin < 10 g/dL (6.2 mmol/L)
   2. White blood cell count (WBC) decrease (<3.0 x109/L) or increase (>10.0 x109/L)
   3. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) decrease < 1.5 x109/L
   4. Platelet count decrease < 75 x109/L
   5. Bilirubin > 1.5 x ULN (upper limit of normal according to the performing lab's reference range)
   6. ALAT > 3 x ULN
   7. ASAT > 3 x ULN
   8. GGT6 > 2.5 x ULN
   9. Serum creatinine increased > 1.5 x ULN

2. HIV infection or active Hepatitis B or C infection, or active infections requiring oral or intravenous antibiotics or that can cause a severe disease and pose a severe danger to lab personnel working on patients' blood or tissue (e.g. rabies).

3. Prior therapy for glioma (except surgery and steroids) including but not limited to carmustine wafers and immunotherapy

4. Any condition contraindicating leukapheresis from peripheral veins

5. Concurrent participation in another interventional clinical trial studying a drug or treatment regimen.

6. Clinically relevant autoimmune diseases (with the exception of thyroid diseases)

7. Immunosuppression, not related to prior treatment for malignancy, or prior drug reaction

8. Any condition that in the judgment of the investigator interferes with the probability that an individual patient may receive and benefit from APVAC vaccinations (e.g. high risk of early disease progression / recurrence; immunocompromised status; anticipated compliance problems)

9. Serious illness or condition, which according to the investigator, poses an undue risk for the patient when participating in the trial, including, but not limited to, any of the following:

   • Clinically significant cardiovascular disease
   • New York Heart Association class III-IV congestive heart failure
   • Symptomatic peripheral vascular disease
   • Severe pulmonary dysfunction
   • Severe diabetes
   • Severe mental retardation

10. History of other malignancies (except for adequately treated basal or squamous cell carcinoma or carcinoma in situ) within the last 5 years unless the patient has been disease-free for 5 years

11. Pregnancy or breastfeeding