The age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an age-dependent, multi-factorial disease. In Western industrial countries, it is the main cause of visual impairments. In Germany, approximately 4.5 million people suffer from AMD. Genetic as well as nutritional aspects are mainly important in AMD development. Until now, AMD-patients are advised to use supplements based on the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, comprised in high doses and in isolated form. Results showing the effects of food items (kale, spinach) rich in lutein on improvement of vision are scarce. And how much is needed within the diet? Within the planned project, human intervention studies will investigate whether an oil-based kale extract or fresh kale can be used to improve vision of AMD-patients and persons aged 50+ (without AMD). The first study will use volunteers without AMD (>18 y) to investigate if there is a dose-dependent effect of lutein and zeaxanthin (out of a kale extract) on macular pigment optical density (MPOD). This study will also compare the bioavailability of the carotenoids from the extract and from a supplement. A second study (also using volunteers without AMD, >18 y) will compare the bioavailability of lutein and zeaxanthin from the extract and from kale purée. The third study will investigate the effect of the oil-based kale extract on improvements of MPOD and vision of AMD-patients and of a control group (volunteers 50+ without AMD).

Usually, the intestinal absorption of lutein and zeaxanthin is determined by analyzing changes in concentrations in blood plasma. A fast, non-invasive sampling will be evaluated to check the efficacy of an increased uptake of lutein. Thus, the project will test the usability of buccal mucosa cells to detect metabolic changes after an uptake of carotenoids. Besides, the determination of carotenoid contents in skin will be checked on its use as biomarker of carotenoids in plasma and macula.

Thus, the planned research project will evaluate two non-invasive markers of exposition on their usability as markers of absorption of lutein and zeaxanthin in blood and macula. In addition, the minimally needed dosage of lutein and zeaxanthin for AMD prevention will be determined to reduce the possible risk of currently recommended doses of these compounds. The project will also present alternatives (kale extract, kale purée) for AMD prevention and to improve vision to be used instead of currently used high-dose supplements.

Inclusion Criteria:

• healthy, > 18 years, written consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• uptake of dietary supplements, glaucoma