Pain intensity measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 3a short form at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks which measures self-reported estimate of how much a person hurts. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain intensity scores range from 0 - 100. For pain intensity, higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. Data table measures show change over time with negative numbers indicating improvement (decreases) and positive numbers indicating increases in pain intensity.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global mental health measures mental health, quality of life, satisfaction with social activities and emotional problems. The final mental health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Global mental health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better mental health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global mental health and negative numbers indicating declines in global mental health.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global physical health measures overall physical health, physical function, pain and fatigue. The final physical health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Physical global health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better physical health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global physical health and negative numbers indicating declines in global physical health.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing overuse of medications. Overuse scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less overuse of medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less overuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing underuse of medications. Underuse scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less underuse of medication. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less underuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Patient trust in physician measured with 11-item Trust in Physician Scale at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks to assess the quality of the patient-clinician relationship. Trust in physician scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient trust in the clinician providing pain treatment. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in trust and negative numbers indicating declines in trust.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with pain information is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing information about pain and its treatment. Satisfaction with pain information range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with information received about pain and treatment for pain. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain information and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with medical care is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing medical care for pain. Satisfaction with medical care scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with medical care. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with medical care and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with current pain medication is a subscale that includes 8 questions assessing current pain medications. Satisfaction with pain medication scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with current pain medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain medications and negative numbers indicating declines in satisfaction with pain medications.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline and 26 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global mental health measures mental health, quality of life, satisfaction with social activities and emotional problems. The final mental health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Global mental health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better mental health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global mental health and negative numbers indicating declines in global mental health.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline and 26 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global physical health measures overall physical health, physical function, pain and fatigue. The final physical health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Physical global health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better physical health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global physical health and negative numbers indicating declines in global physical health.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline and 26 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing overuse of medications. Overuse scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less overuse of medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less overuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline and 26 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing underuse of medications. Underuse scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less underuse of medication. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less underuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Patient trust in physician measured with 11-item Trust in Physician Scale at baseline and 26 weeks to assess the quality of the patient-clinician relationship. Trust in physician scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient trust in the clinician providing pain treatment. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in trust and negative numbers indicating declines in trust.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 26 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with pain information is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing information about pain and its treatment. Satisfaction with pain information range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with information received about pain and treatment for pain. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain information and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 26 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with medical care is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing medical care for pain. Satisfaction with medical care scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with medical care. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with medical care and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 26 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with current pain medication is a subscale that includes 8 questions assessing current pain medications. Satisfaction with pain medication scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with current pain medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain medications and negative numbers indicating declines in satisfaction with pain medications.

Four questions from the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) survey assessed patient-provider discussions on starting/stopping medications and comprise medication related shared decision making. Scores were computed only for patients who reported discussing medications with their clinician in the past 12 months. Medication related shared decision making scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate more shared decision making.

Pain-related interference measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 8-item short form at baseline and 13 weeks which measures self-reported consequences of pain on relevant aspects of one's life. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain interference scores range from 0 - 100. For pain interference, higher scores indicate greater pain interference. Data table measures show change over time with negative numbers indicating improvement (decreases) and positive numbers indicating increases in pain interference.

Pain intensity measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 3a short form at baseline and 13 weeks, which measures self-reported estimate of how much a person hurts. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain intensity scores range from 0 - 100. For pain intensity, higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. Data table measures show change over time with negative numbers indicating improvement (decreases) and positive numbers indicating increases in pain intensity.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline and 13 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global physical health measures overall physical health, physical function, pain and fatigue. The final physical health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Physical global health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better physical health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global physical health and negative numbers indicating declines in global physical health.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline and 13 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global mental health measures mental health, quality of life, satisfaction with social activities and emotional problems. The final mental health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Global mental health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better mental health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global mental health and negative numbers indicating declines in global mental health.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline and 13 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing overuse of medications. Overuse scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less overuse of medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less overuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline and 13 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing underuse of medications. Underuse scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less underuse of medication. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less underuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Patient trust in physician measured with 11-item Trust in Physician Scale at baseline and 13 weeks to assess the quality of the patient-clinician relationship. Trust in physician scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient trust in the clinician providing pain treatment. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in trust and negative numbers indicating declines in trust.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 13 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with pain information is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing information about pain and its treatment. Satisfaction with pain information range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with information received about pain and treatment for pain. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain information and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 13 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with medical care is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing medical care for pain. Satisfaction with medical care scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with medical care. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with medical care and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 13 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with current pain medication is a subscale that includes 8 questions assessing current pain medications. Satisfaction with pain medication scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with current pain medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain medications and negative numbers indicating declines in satisfaction with pain medications.

Pain-related interference measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 8-item short form at baseline and 52 weeks which measures self-reported consequences of pain on relevant aspects of one's life. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain interference scores range from 0 - 100. For pain interference, higher scores indicate greater pain interference. Data table measures show change over time with negative numbers indicating improvement (decreases) and positive numbers indicating increases in pain interference.

Pain intensity measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 3a short form at baseline and 52 weeks, which measures self-reported estimate of how much a person hurts. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain intensity scores range from 0 - 100. For pain intensity, higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. Data table measures show change over time with negative numbers indicating improvement (decreases) and positive numbers indicating increases in pain intensity.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline and 52 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global physical health measures overall physical health, physical function, pain and fatigue. The final physical health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Physical global health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better physical health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global physical health and negative numbers indicating declines in global physical health.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline and 52 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global mental health measures mental health, quality of life, satisfaction with social activities and emotional problems. The final mental health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Global mental health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better mental health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global mental health and negative numbers indicating declines in global mental health.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline and 52 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing overuse of medications. Overuse scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less overuse of medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less overuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline and 52 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing underuse of medications. Underuse scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less underuse of medication. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less underuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Patient trust in physician measured with 11-item Trust in Physician Scale at baseline and 52 weeks to assess the quality of the patient-clinician relationship. Trust in physician scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient trust in the clinician providing pain treatment. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in trust and negative numbers indicating declines in trust.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 52 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with pain information is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing information about pain and its treatment. Satisfaction with pain information range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with information received about pain and treatment for pain. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain information and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 52 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with medical care is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing medical care for pain. Satisfaction with medical care scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with medical care. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with medical care and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 52 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with current pain medication is a subscale that includes 8 questions assessing current pain medications. Satisfaction with pain medication scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with current pain medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain medications and negative numbers indicating declines in satisfaction with pain medications.

Four questions from the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) survey assessed patient-provider discussions on starting/stopping medications and comprise medication related shared decision making. Scores were computed only for patients who reported discussing medications with their clinician in the past 12 months. Medication related shared decision making scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate more shared decision making.

Receive usual care from clinician for chronic pain, do not use Trialist smartphone app

Total of all reporting groups

Pain interference measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 8-item short form which measures self-reported consequences of pain on relevant aspects of one's life. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain interference scores range from 0 - 100. For pain interference, higher scores indicate greater pain interference.

Pain intensity measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 3a short form which measures self-reported estimate of how much a person hurts. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain intensity scores range from 0 - 100. For pain intensity, higher scores indicate greater pain intensity.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale, representing physical and mental health components. Global physical health measures overall physical health, physical function, pain and fatigue. The final physical health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Physical global health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better physical health.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale, representing physical and mental health components. Global mental health measures mental health, quality of life, satisfaction with social activities and emotional problems. The final mental health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Global mental health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better mental health.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing overuse of medications. Overuse scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less overuse of medications.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing underuse of medications. Underuse scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less underuse of medication.

Patient trust in physician measured with 11-item Trust in Physician Scale to assess the quality of the patient-clinician relationship. Trust in physician scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient trust in the clinician providing pain treatment.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with pain information is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing information about pain and its treatment. Satisfaction with pain information range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with information received about pain and treatment for pain.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with medical care is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing medical care for pain. Satisfaction with medical care scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with medical care.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with current pain medication is a subscale that includes 8 questions assessing current pain medications. Satisfaction with pain medication scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with current pain medications.

Four questions from the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) survey assessed patient-provider discussions on starting/stopping medications and comprise medication related shared decision making. Scores were computed only for patients who reported discussing medications with their clinician in the past 12 months. Medication related shared decision making scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate more shared decision making.

Receive usual care from clinician for chronic pain, do not use Trialist smartphone app

Pain-related Interference measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scale 8-item short form at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks which measures self-reported consequences of pain on relevant aspects of one's life. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain interference scores range from 0 - 100. For pain interference, higher scores indicate greater pain interference. Data table measures show change over time with negative numbers indicating improvement (decreases) and positive numbers indicating increases in pain interference.

Longitudinal analysis at baseline, 13, 26 and 52 weeks; numbers reported are adjusted means from a mixed effect Gaussian model using time, treatment and time*treatment interaction as fixed effects and clinician and patient as random effects.

Pain intensity measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 3a short form at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks which measures self-reported estimate of how much a person hurts. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain intensity scores range from 0 - 100. For pain intensity, higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. Data table measures show change over time with negative numbers indicating improvement (decreases) and positive numbers indicating increases in pain intensity.

Longitudinal analysis at baseline, 13, 26 and 52 weeks; numbers reported are adjusted means from a mixed effect Gaussian model using time, treatment and time*treatment interaction as fixed effects and clinician and patient as random effects.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global mental health measures mental health, quality of life, satisfaction with social activities and emotional problems. The final mental health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Global mental health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better mental health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global mental health and negative numbers indicating declines in global mental health.

Longitudinal analysis at baseline, 13, 26 and 52 weeks; numbers reported are adjusted means from a mixed effect Gaussian model using time, treatment and time*treatment interaction as fixed effects and clinician and patient as random effects.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global physical health measures overall physical health, physical function, pain and fatigue. The final physical health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Physical global health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better physical health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global physical health and negative numbers indicating declines in global physical health.

Longitudinal analysis at baseline, 13, 26 and 52 weeks; numbers reported are adjusted means from a mixed effect Gaussian model using time, treatment and time*treatment interaction as fixed effects and clinician and patient as random effects.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing overuse of medications. Overuse scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less overuse of medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less overuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Longitudinal analysis at baseline, 13, 26 and 52 weeks; numbers reported are adjusted means from a mixed effect Gaussian model using time, treatment and time*treatment interaction as fixed effects and clinician and patient as random effects.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing underuse of medications. Underuse scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less underuse of medication. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less underuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Longitudinal analysis at baseline, 13, 26 and 52 weeks; numbers reported are adjusted means from a mixed effect Gaussian model using time, treatment and time*treatment interaction as fixed effects and clinician and patient as random effects.

Patient trust in physician measured with 11-item Trust in Physician Scale at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks to assess the quality of the patient-clinician relationship. Trust in physician scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient trust in the clinician providing pain treatment. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in trust and negative numbers indicating declines in trust.

Longitudinal analysis at baseline, 13, 26 and 52 weeks; numbers reported are adjusted means from a mixed effect Gaussian model using time, treatment and time*treatment interaction as fixed effects and clinician and patient as random effects.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with pain information is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing information about pain and its treatment. Satisfaction with pain information range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with information received about pain and treatment for pain. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain information and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

Longitudinal analysis at baseline, 13, 26 and 52 weeks; numbers reported are adjusted means from a mixed effect Gaussian model using time, treatment and time*treatment interaction as fixed effects and clinician and patient as random effects.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with medical care is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing medical care for pain. Satisfaction with medical care scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with medical care. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with medical care and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

Longitudinal analysis at baseline, 13, 26 and 52 weeks; numbers reported are adjusted means from a mixed effect Gaussian model using time, treatment and time*treatment interaction as fixed effects and clinician and patient as random effects.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with current pain medication is a subscale that includes 8 questions assessing current pain medications. Satisfaction with pain medication scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with current pain medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain medications and negative numbers indicating declines in satisfaction with pain medications.

Longitudinal analysis at baseline, 13, 26 and 52 weeks; numbers reported are adjusted means from a mixed effect Gaussian model using time, treatment and time*treatment interaction as fixed effects and clinician and patient as random effects.

Pain intensity measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 3a short form at baseline and 26 weeks, which measures self-reported estimate of how much a person hurts. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain intensity scores range from 0 - 100. For pain intensity, higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. Data table measures show change over time with negative numbers indicating improvement (decreases) and positive numbers indicating increases in pain intensity.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline and 26 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global mental health measures mental health, quality of life, satisfaction with social activities and emotional problems. The final mental health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Global mental health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better mental health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global mental health and negative numbers indicating declines in global mental health.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline and 26 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global physical health measures overall physical health, physical function, pain and fatigue. The final physical health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Physical global health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better physical health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global physical health and negative numbers indicating declines in global physical health.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline and 26 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing overuse of medications. Overuse scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less overuse of medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less overuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Four questions from the Pain Medication in Primary Care Patient Questionnaire measured adherence to medications at baseline and 26 weeks. Two questions comprised a subscale assessing underuse of medications. Underuse scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater adherence and less underuse of medication. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating greater adherence (less underuse of medications) and negative numbers indicating less adherence.

Patient trust in physician measured with 11-item Trust in Physician Scale at baseline and 26 weeks to assess the quality of the patient-clinician relationship. Trust in physician scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient trust in the clinician providing pain treatment. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in trust and negative numbers indicating declines in trust.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 26 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with pain information is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing information about pain and its treatment. Satisfaction with pain information range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with information received about pain and treatment for pain. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain information and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 26 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with medical care is a subscale that includes 5 questions assessing medical care for pain. Satisfaction with medical care scores range from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with medical care. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with medical care and negative numbers indicating declines in patient satisfaction.

The Pain Treatment Satisfaction Scale consists of 18 items assessing patient satisfaction at baseline and 26 weeks, creating three subscales. Satisfaction with current pain medication is a subscale that includes 8 questions assessing current pain medications. Satisfaction with pain medication scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater patient satisfaction with current pain medications. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating increases in satisfaction with pain medications and negative numbers indicating declines in satisfaction with pain medications.

Four questions from the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) survey assessed patient-provider discussions on starting/stopping medications and comprise medication related shared decision making. Scores were computed only for patients who reported discussing medications with their clinician in the past 12 months. Medication related shared decision making scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate more shared decision making.

Pain-related interference measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 8-item short form at baseline and 13 weeks which measures self-reported consequences of pain on relevant aspects of one's life. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain interference scores range from 0 - 100. For pain interference, higher scores indicate greater pain interference. Data table measures show change over time with negative numbers indicating improvement (decreases) and positive numbers indicating increases in pain interference.

Pain intensity measured with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 3a short form at baseline and 13 weeks, which measures self-reported estimate of how much a person hurts. The final score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Pain intensity scores range from 0 - 100. For pain intensity, higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. Data table measures show change over time with negative numbers indicating improvement (decreases) and positive numbers indicating increases in pain intensity.

Global health measured with 10 item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health scale at baseline and 13 weeks, representing physical and mental health components. Global physical health measures overall physical health, physical function, pain and fatigue. The final physical health score is represented by the T-score, a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Physical global health scores range from 0 - 100, and higher scores indicate better physical health. Data table measures show change over time with positive numbers indicating improvement in global physical health and negative numbers indicating declines in global physical health.