Ipilimumab adds a clinical benefit to radiation therapy in patients with melanoma metastatic to the brain.

Melanoma is the third most common cancer causing brain metastases, after cancers of the lung and breast, which appears to reflect the relative propensity of melanoma to metastasize to the central nervous system (CNS). Brain metastases are responsible for 20 to 54 percent of deaths in patients with melanoma, and among those with documented brain metastases, these lesions contribute to death in up to 95 percent of cases, with an estimated median overall survival ranging between 1.8 and 10.5 months, depending upon other prognostic factors.

Ipilimumab is an anti-Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (anti-CTLA4) monoclonal antibody that has demonstrated a clinically relevant and statistically significant improvement in overall survival, either alone (second line) or in combination with dacarbazine (DTIC) in 1st line.

Ipilimumab has shown activity against brain metastases.

According to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved label for Yervoy®, the use of glucocorticoids at baseline (commonly prescribed when brain metastases are diagnosed) should be avoided before the administration of ipilimumab. Data show that the use of even high doses of glucocorticoids for the management of immune-related adverse events do not decrease the efficacy of Yervoy®. There is no documented experience on the efficacy of Yervoy® when given concomitantly with radiation therapy and glucocorticoids.

In experimental models, radiation therapy is synergistic to anti-Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (anti-CTLA4) strategies (abscopal effect).

There are no published results from clinical trials on the interaction between radiation therapy and ipilimumab.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Willing and able to give written informed consent.

2. Histologic diagnosis of melanoma.

3. First episode of radiological evidence of brain metastases

4. Be over the age of 18 years old

5. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group-recursive partitioning analysis (RTOG-RPA) class 2

6. Karnofsky performance status (PS) more than 70%

7. Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living more than 10

8. Measurable disease (mWHO criteria).

9. Adequate organ function as determine by the following criteria:

   • White blood count (WBC) more or equal to 2000/ microliter (uL)
   • Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) more than 1.5 x 109/L.
   • Platelet count more than 75 x 109/L.
   • Hemoglobin more than 9 g/dL. If the patient received a red blood count (RBC) transfusion, the required value of hemoglobin should be met at least 1 week after the most recent transfusion.
   • Serum creatinine less or equal to 2.0 x upper limit of normal (ULN).
   • Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) less or equal to 2.5 x ULN for patients without liver metastasis, or less or equal to 5 times for liver metastases.
   • Total bilirubin less or equal 2.0 x ULN, (except patients with Gilbert's Syndrome, who must have a total bilirubin less than 3.0 mg/dL)

10. Persons of reproductive potential must agree to use an adequate method of contraception throughout treatment and for at least 26 weeks after ipilimumab is stopped

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with melanoma and brain metastases with any of the following disease-specific characteristics:

   • Documented evidence of prior progression of melanoma to an ipilimumab-containing regimen (i.e. received at least 2 doses of ipilimumab for either advanced disease or in the adjuvant setting and the disease progressed/relapsed (according to mWHO criteria) within 24 weeks since the first dose of ipilimumab)
   • Prior radiation therapy to the brain
   • Other prior antineoplastic therapies for brain metastases.
   • Patients with cerebral metastases as the only location of the disease, for which local therapy (neurosurgery, radiosurgery) could achieve a disease-free status
   • Patients with a rapid clinical deterioration, or with risk of herniation, or who require unstable ascending dosing of supportive medication in the last week -including anti-convulsivants, steroids and analgesics-, or who require dexamethasone more than 16 mg/d (or other glucocorticoid at an equipotent dose), or with a high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) more than 2 x ULN.

2. Any other malignancy form which the patient has been disease-free for less than 5 years, with the exception of adequately treated and cured basal or squamous cell skin cancer, superficial bladder cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix, or incidental prostate cancer.

3. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (HbA1c more than 9 %)

4. Autoimmune disease other than vitiligo or past thyroiditis under substitutive hormone therapy: Patients with a history of inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's Disease, are excluded from this study, as are patients with a history of symptomatic disease (eg, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic progressive sclerosis [scleroderma], systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune vasculitis [eg, Wegener's Granulomatosis]); motor neuropathy considered of autoimmune origin (e.g. Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Myasthenia Gravis).

5. Other chronic intestinal diseases associated with diarrhea.

6. Active infection or other serious illness or medical condition.

7. Known active or chronic infection with HIV, Hepatitis B, or Hepatitis C.

8. Concomitant therapy with any of the following: interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon, or other non-study immunotherapy regimens; cytotoxic chemotherapy; immunosuppressive agents; other investigation therapies; or chronic use of systemic corticosteroids (used for the management of non-cancer related illnesses), either concomitantly or during the last 30 days prior to the beginning of the treatment.

9. Any experimental therapy administered in the past 30 days prior to the beginning of the treatment.

10. Any non-oncology vaccine therapy used for the prevention of infectious diseases (for up to 4 weeks prior to or after any dose of blinded study drug) (see definitions in protocol text)

11. Prisoners or subjects who are compulsorily detained (involuntarily incarcerated) for treatment of either a psychiatric or physical (eg, infectious) illness.

12. Any other general, medical or psychological conditions which in the opinion of the investigator will make the administration of ipilimumab hazardous, or that would preclude appropriate informed consent or compliance with the protocol, or obscure the interpretation of eventual adverse events (AEs).

Throughout the study period, from inclusion to 30 days after treatment has ended. Approximately 1 year