Investigators assume that there are some positive effects of cognitive training and physical activities on cognitive function, depression and quality of life in a sample of older residents in long-term care facilities.

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of various interventions (physical activity, cognitive training, integration of physical activity and cognitive training) on different outcome indictors in institutionalized older residents.

1. to develop an intervention protocol that achieves clinical development objectives in a scientifically rigorous and time efficient manner.
2. to further analyze the effects of the various interventions and make a comparison of dose-response relation and efficacy.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 65 year and older
• Able to communicate verbally
• Able to discern 5*5 cm2 picture from a viewing distance of 20 cm
• Able to hear a sound of normal speech from a distance of 20 cm
• Able to sit in a chair or wheelchair independently for more than 30 minutes without changes in vital signs and awareness and without physical discomfort
• Has cognitive decline status assessing by CASI 2.0
• Lived in long-term care facilities during the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• Complete aphasia, blindness, deafness or completely dependent
• Unstable angina, arrythmia, myocardial infarction history, postural hypotension, transient cerebral hypoxia or other psychiatric disorders except depression
• Thrombophlebitis, or malignancy of the limbs.
• Refusal by patient or family member.
• Others. Reason to be well documented.