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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | FED |
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The investigators hypothesize that the new United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) regulations for lunches served as part of the National School Lunch Program will decrease the percentage of enrolled students purchasing lunch, increase the percentage of children taking fruit and vegetables, decrease the percentage of fruit and vegetable servings being thrown away, and increase the total number of fruit and vegetable servings eaten.
The investigators also hypothesize that when the regulations are in force, simple behavioral interventions can counteract the potentially negative impact on lunch sales and consumption. In other words, implementing the regulations and behavioral interventions together, the percentage of enrolled students taking a school lunch will increase at least back to baseline levels, the percentage of children taking fruits and vegetables will increase, the percentage of fruit and vegetable servings wasted will decrease, and the total number of fruit and vegetable servings eaten will increase.
This study was conducted in 43 schools in the New York City (NYC) School district in the spring of 2012. The new regulations for school lunches were scheduled to roll out nationally in the fall of the same year, so this study was designed to provide an indication of the impact the new regulations would have.
In addition to the regulations, the investigators also tested additional behavioral interventions, in conjunction with the regulations, to determine how the behavioral interventions might offset, or magnify, the impacts of the regulations.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| USDA Regulations Only | Experimental | Implement USDA Regulations in assigned school cafeterias during the intervention period. |
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| USDA Regulations and Marketing Kit | Experimental | Implement new USDA regulations in assigned schools along with the Marketing Kit during the intervention period. |
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| USDA Regulations and SLM | Experimental | Implement USDA Regulations and Smarter Lunchrooms Makeover in assigned schools during intervention period. |
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| Control | No Intervention | Schools assigned to this intervention made no changes to their lunchroom or menus. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USDA Regulations | Behavioral | Implement new USDA regulations assigned school cafeterias.
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in percent fruit or vegetable waste by student | In the twelve schools, tray waste data were collected twice in April 2012 and once in May 2012. Results were generated and reported in September 2012. | Six months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in lunch sales | Lunch sales data were collected each school day in the 43 schools from March through May 2012. Results were generated and reported in September 2012. | Six months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in servings of fruits and vegetables taken | Each school cafeteria keeps records on the number of servings of each food served during a lunch period. These data were collected each day in the 43 schools from March through May 2012. Results were generated and reported in September 2012. | Six months |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Adam Brumberg, BA | Cornell University | Principal Investigator |
| Kathryn Hoy, RD, MFN | Cornell University | Principal Investigator |
| David Just, PhD | Cornell University | Study Chair |
| Brian Wansink, PhD | Cornell University | Study Director |
| Andrew Hanks, PhD | Cornell University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York City School District | New York | New York | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24135053 | Background | Hanks AS, Wansink B, Just DR. Reliability and accuracy of real-time visualization techniques for measuring school cafeteria tray waste: validating the quarter-waste method. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014 Mar;114(3):470-474. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.08.013. Epub 2013 Oct 14. | |
| 23434267 | Background | Hanks AS, Just DR, Wansink B. Smarter lunchrooms can address new school lunchroom guidelines and childhood obesity. J Pediatr. 2013 Apr;162(4):867-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.12.031. Epub 2013 Feb 22. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002652 | Child Behavior |
| D000294 | Adolescent Behavior |
| D015438 | Health Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| Marketing Kit | Behavioral | This marketing tool kit is designed to encourage purchasing of school lunches. The marketing tool kit included the following components:
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| Smarter Lunchrooms Makeover (SLM) | Behavioral | Implement three basic Smarter Lunchrooms techniques. It consists of the following components:
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| 23597811 | Background | Wansink B, Just DR, Hanks AS, Smith LE. Pre-sliced fruit in school cafeterias: children's selection and intake. Am J Prev Med. 2013 May;44(5):477-80. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.02.003. |
| 22294661 | Background | Hanks AS, Just DR, Smith LE, Wansink B. Healthy convenience: nudging students toward healthier choices in the lunchroom. J Public Health (Oxf). 2012 Aug;34(3):370-6. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fds003. Epub 2012 Jan 31. |