This study addresses racial/ethnic disparities in HIV/AIDS treatment. Many persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in the U.S. (10-19% of PLHA), predominantly African-Americans and Latinos, delay taking Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) until late in the course of their HIV disease or never initiate HAART when it is medically indicated. However, there are no behavioral interventions to increase HAART initiation among PLHA who delay or decline HAART ("PLHA-DD"). The overarching aim of the proposed study is to develop a flexible, targeted, and sustainable behavioral intervention to increase HAART initiation among PLHA-DD, which, if efficacious, will lead to reductions in morbidity, early mortality, and health care costs, as well as increased viral load suppression (reducing transmission to others). Further, the study complements and primes participants for existing adherence interventions, from which PLHA-DD can benefit when they initiate HAART.

This application seeks to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in HIV/AIDS treatment. National studies have consistently shown that many persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in the U.S. (an estimated 10-19% of PLHA), predominantly people of color, delay taking Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) until late in their HIV disease or never initiate HAART when it is medically necessary, even when engaged in care. This population is of critical importance because they experience disproportionately higher morbidity and earlier mortality compared to their peers on HAART, and higher health care costs. Further, they are less likely to achieve virologic suppression, increasing the probability of HIV transmission to others. However, we do not yet have a behavioral intervention to increase the timely initiation and continued use of HAART for PLHA-DD. This proposal seeks to address a serious gap in existing programs by creating a culturally targeted, sustainable, multi-level, and individualized video-based behavioral intervention for the population of PLHA who are medically eligible for HAART but who have delayed or declined HAART (referred to as "PLHA-DD"). This is not an adherence intervention per se, but will serve as a complement to, and primer for, existing adherence interventions, from which PLHA-DD can benefit when they initiate HAART. The proposed study is innovative in that it seeks to broaden the HAART adherence research paradigm to include HAART initiation.

Barriers to HAART initiation for PLHA-DD are multi-faceted. At the individual level, for example, PLHA-DD suffer from negative attitudes toward HAART (particularly medical mistrust and fear), a lack of accurate knowledge about HAART and health, and "competing priorities," including mental health problems and substance use. PLHA-DD also experience powerful social barriers to HAART including negative peer norms regarding medications and stigma. Further, structural barriers such as poor access to necessary resources and supports (e.g., transportation, paperwork) and ancillary services (e.g., mental health care) impede HAART initiation.

We will create a culturally targeted video-based intervention to increase motivation and psychosocial and practical preparedness for HAART among PLHA-DD. The study is guided by two complementary theoretical models: the Theory of Triadic Influence, a social-cognitive theory that integrates individual, social, and structural influences on health behavior and the Anti-racist Stance, which acknowledges the salience of barriers linked to racial/ethnic minority status in the lives of PLHA-DD (associated with exclusion, stress, discrimination, and poor access to institutional structures), without assuming homogeneity among PLHA-DD. The intervention will be flexible and individualized: there will be a 12-week intervention period during which participants will receive three structured sessions (including one with a "support partner" to reduce social barriers, plus patient navigation, an efficacious low-threshold and adaptable approach to reduce individual and structural barriers to initiating and sustaining HAART. The intensity of navigation will depend on need, increasing the intervention's efficiency. The sessions will consist of individualized interactive components and targeted high-quality video components, which will enhance ease-of-use, fidelity, and future sustainability.

The aims of this three-year project are to:

1. Explore health care and social service providers' and PLHA-DD's perspectives on barriers to/facilitators of initiation and continuation of HAART for PLHA-DD at the levels of individuals, networks, organizations, and other structures;
2. Develop components of an intervention and examine their acceptability, safety, feasibility, and gather preliminary evidence of their efficacy with respect to HAART initiation and continuation among PLHA-DD medically eligible for HAART.

To accomplish these aims, we will conduct a three phase study: (1) an Elicitation Phase to explore barriers to HAART among PLHA-DD (n=16) and health care and social service providers (N=18); (2) a Development Phase to create intervention components using Intervention Mapping, a mechanism for integrating theoretical models, data, and the literature; and (3) an Evaluation Phase to test and revise intervention components (N=30-50 PLHA-DD recruited from two large urban HIV clinics and assigned to an intervention or control arm using permuted blocks random assignment and interviewed at 3 time points).

We will also explore peer recruitment approaches to reaching PLHA-DD. PLHA recruited through peers will be seen at a local field site but will engage in the same procedures as the clinic-recruited cohort.

We will enroll a total of 90-100 PLHA-DD, ideally half from clinics and half through peer recruitment.

The urgent need to address disparities in HAART initiation and continuation and support access to HAART for vulnerable populations has been identified by numerous scientific and community leaders, health care providers, and public health officials. Although PLHA-DD are a modest proportion of the population of PLHA (10-19%), efficacious interventions to reduce morbidity, increase longevity, increase viral load suppression, and reduce health care costs associated with delayed HAART initiation are sorely lacking for this group, and have very high potential public health significance.

Inclusion Criteria clinic cohort:

1. HIV-infected for at least six months by medical chart review
2. age 18 years or older
3. African-American or Latino/Hispanic race/ethnicity
4. CD4 < 500
5. enrolled as a patient at PKC/CCC (that is, has been seen a provider at least once in the clinic in the past year)
6. medically eligible for HAART by DHHS criteria for at least three months by provider report
7. does not have any condition that in the opinion of the primary care provider would interfere with provision of informed consent or make it unsafe to participate in this study
8. has never taken HAART in his/her life OR has taken HAART in the past but on fewer than 60 days in the past 6 months and not at all in the past 30 days
9. willing to be randomly assigned to an intervention arm
10. able to conduct research activities in English

Inclusion criteria for peer-recruited cohort

1. HIV-infected for at least six months - with medical confirmation
2. age 18 years or older
3. African-American or Latino/Hispanic race/ethnicity
4. CD4 < 500 by self report or medical chart review if possible
5. has never taken HAART in his/her life OR has taken HAART in the past but on fewer than 60 days in the past 6 months and not at all in the past 30 days by self report
6. willing to be randomly assigned to an intervention arm
7. able to conduct research activities in English