One of the most common symptoms suffered by traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is disruption in attention. Lack of attention impacts daily life including academic or professional tasks, and interpersonal relationships. The focus of Therapeutic Resources for Attention Improvement with Neuroimaging for Traumatic Brain Injury (TRAIN-TBI) is to investigate the changes in neurological function with special interest in attention after TBI for children ages 8 to 16. This study will be done through advanced neuroimaging procedures, neurocognitive testing, and an online training tool created by The Brain Plasticity Institute. The investigators hypothesize that the training will improve attention in TBI subjects and that the advanced imaging will show corresponding neural connectivity changes, as compared to matched healthy controls.

Specific Aim 1: To use advanced functional neuroimaging methods to better understand the nature of attention disruption in patients who have sustained a TBI. We will use imaging data acquired at 3 Tesla (3T) for quantification of regional changes in brain volume over time. The microstructural integrity of white matter tracts will be assessed with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) from 3T will provide an understanding of the neural networks associated with the brain's baseline activity which may be correlated to cognitive health. We will also try to better understand attention processing in relation to time by employing magnetoencephalography (MEG). By overlaying MEG information on top of structural T1 and T2-weighted MRI sequences, we can get a better overall picture, in both spatial and temporal resolutions, of the brain cognitive tasks. MEG examination will include standard cognitive tasks that rely on intact attention and executive functioning, but are not directly trained by the attention training modules. This allows for assessment of the improvement in functional attention and the ability of training to generalize across related cognitive tasks. All imaging will be corroborated with neuropsychological and neurocognitive testing to assess whether or not abnormalities seen in the imaging are indicative of functionality.

Specific Aim 2: To measure the extent of improvement of patients' attention post cognitive training, and to better understand the processes and timelines that underlie the recovery of attention dysfunction. Comparing the pre- and post-training neurocognitive test results will measure the difference, if any, in attention capacity. These improvements will be correlated to respective advanced imaging. 3T MRI and MEG information from both before and after the cognitive training will be compared to look for any anatomical, functional, and connectivity changes.

Specific Aim 3: To determine which demographic factors (age, race, etc.) and clinical factors (medical history, severity of injury, etc.) contribute to attention impairment, if any. By collecting detailed clinical intake assessments from patients (and/or parents, if applicable) and medical records, as recommended the NIH Common Data Elements for TBI, we will be able to identify any epidemiological variables that significantly contribute to both 1) sustaining attention deficits post-TBI and 2) the propensity for recovery after successful completion of the cognitive training protocol.

Inclusion Criteria:

• (TBI Only) Sustained a blunt TBI at least 1 month prior to enrollment date
• (TBI Only) Currently experiencing at least 1 post-concussive symptom at the time of enrollment
• Ages 8-16
• Must be capable of giving assent
• Must have parental or legal guardian capable of giving informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• (TBI Only) Injury is less than 1 month from enrollment
• (TBI Only) At time of enrollment, subject does not endorse any post-concussive symptoms
• Younger than 8 years old or older than 16 years old
• Pregnancy
• Pre-injury neurological diagnosis
• Pre-injury diagnosis of an Axis I or Axis II psychiatric disorder other than mild depression
• Pre-injury diagnosis of ADD/ADHD
• Pre-injury use of psychotropic medication (including ADD/ADHD medications like Ritalin and Adderall), except for a stable regimen of antidepressants
• Any metal in the body/contraindications for MRI/MEG
• Patient weight >350 pounds due to weight limit of MR scanner
• Hypotensive episode or CT/MR evidence of cerebral ischemia after trauma
• Hemicraniectomy for cerebral swelling
• Surgical evacuation of intra-axial lesions such as contusions/hematomas
• Subjects requiring phenytoin within one week of testing session
• Prisoners
• Non-native English speaker (neurocognitive tests not validated for non-English speakers)
• Visual, auditory, and/or motor impairments that would interfere with cognitive testing
• Current or past drug abuse

Subjects with TBI will be recruited from the Bay Area Concussion and Head Injury Program at UCSF or referred to us by colleagues. Healthy controls will be recruited via flyers and referred to us.