Background:

- Moebius syndrome limits the ability to make facial expressions like smile, frown or blink - and move the eyes laterally. It can also cause speech, swallowing or breathing difficulties and affect parts of the body, such as the limbs, jaw, muscles, or the heart. Some individuals with Moebius can have intellectual impairment or behavior problems. Researchers want to study the clinical features of individuals with Moebius or related disorders and explore the genetic and/or environmental causes of these conditions.

Objective:

- To learn more about the genetics and clinical characteristics of Moebius syndrome and other Congenital Facial Weakness disorders.

Eligibility:

- People ages 2 to 80 years with congenital facial weakness, isolated or combined with other congenital anomalies, and their family members.

Design:

• Participants with Moebius syndrome or other congenital facial weakness disorder will be evaluated at the NIH Clinical Research Center over 3 to 5 days and undergo the following procedures:
• Medical and family history and physical examination, including body measurements and vital signs.
• Blood or saliva will be collected for genetic tests and to evaluate liver, kidney, heart and hormonal

functions.

• Eye examination, including having a video taken of their eyes moving.
• Hearing evaluation.
• Speech and language assessment, including swallowing studies.
• Dental exam.
• Detailed neurological evaluation, including electromyogram/nerve conduction and blink reflex study.
• Rehabilitation medicine evaluation, including muscle and tongue strength testing and assessment of balance.
• Neurocognitive and behavioral testing and questionnaires to assess quality of life and copying mechanisms.
• Imaging studies of their head, by magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging -MRI/DTI. Participants

will lie on a table that slides into a metal cylinder that takes images of internal body structures using

magnets. Child participants may be sedated.

• Some adults may have additional X-rays of their head or limbs, if there are abnormal findings.
• Medical photographs of the face and affected body parts may be taken.
• Other specialized tests or consultations, as indicated.
• Participants can choose to have a skin biopsy taken.
• A follow-up visit will be offered to participants for review of genetic test findings and possibly additional clinical tests, as indicated.

Family members of the patients will have a medical and family history and physical examination. Blood or saliva will be obtained for genetic studies.

This is a natural history study with a cross-sectional design of Moebius syndrome (MIM 157900), a heterogeneous developmental disorder defined as a congenital, non-progressive facial weakness with limited abduction of one or both eyes, often associated with additional features such as other cranial nerve dysfunction, craniofacial, skeletal and limb deformities, as well as intellectual or behavioral impairments. In this study we will attempt to characterize the clinical phenotype of Moebius and associated congenital facial weakness syndromes, collect thorough information on possible prenatal environmental exposures and use genetic studies, including whole exome sequencing, on DNA from patients and family members of patients to identify disease-causing genes. We will also conduct brain magnetic resonance- and diffusion tensor imaging- studies in these patients in order to explore brainstem and cranial nerve structure and associated white matter tract anomalies. Through this combined clinical, molecular and imaging approach, we anticipate that phenotype-genotype correlations will be revealed. These results will lead to new insights into the clinical definition of these conditions, molecular pathways, and potential networks involved in the pathogenesis of facial weakness and associated multisystem dysmorphogenesis. Our population will consist of patients, ages 2 to 80 years, inclusive of any gender, race, or ethnic group, with congenital facial palsy, isolated or combined with other congenital anomalies, and their families. We will continue to recruit approximately 24 probands each year, ages 2 to 80 years, inclusive of any gender, race, or ethnic group, and their parents and unaffected family members for a total of 72 patients/families. In most cases, patients will be referred through the Moebius Syndrome Foundation, a patient organization with a current membership of 2000 people in its database, 1400 of whom have been diagnosed with Moebius syndrome. Outcome measures will include the results from a battery of clinical evaluations, including ophthalmology, audiology, neurology, psychiatry, and rehabilitative medicine. Patients will also undergo neurocognitive and autism screening assessments, electromyography/nerve conduction, and blink reflex studies. Imaging and genetic studies will provide the most robust data for analysis in this study. A skin biopsy may be performed on some patients in order to culture fibroblasts for additional biochemical, cell biological, and molecular analyses.

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

  1. Subject is 2-80 years, any gender, race or ethnic group, inclusive.
  2. Subject has a diagnosis of congenital facial palsy, isolated or combined with other congenital anomalies, based on MPIs review of prior medical records and interview with patient and/or patient physicians.
  3. Subject is a family member of a patient with a diagnosis of congenital facial palsy, isolated or combined with other congenital anomalies.
  4. Subject has the ability to travel to the NIH Clinical Center for admissions.
  5. Subject or subject s legal guardian is able to provide written informed consent.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Subject has severe respiratory difficulties (i.e., requiring a tracheostomy or other assistive device to maintain respiration) or other disease manifestation that would interfere with the ability to comply with the requirements of this protocol and/or pose a severe anesthesia risk.
2. Subject has a psychiatric illness or neurological disease that would interfere with the ability to comply with the requirements of this protocol. This includes, but is not limited to, uncontrolled/untreated psychotic depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, substance abuse or dependence, antisocial personality disorder, or panic disorder.
3. Subject shows evidence of clinically significant cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, hematological, metabolic, or gastrointestinal disease, or has a condition that requires immediate surgical intervention.
4. Subject is pregnant during the study.
5. Subject or subject s legal guardian is unable or unwilling to provide consent or assent.
6. The principal investigator may decline to enroll a patient for other reasons.

Subjects with Moebius or related syndromes and their family members and healthy volunteers.