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The purpose of this study is to determine efficient, scalable, evidence-based strategies to link HIV positive individuals to care and HIV negative individuals to prevention measures, such as voluntary male circumcision.
New strategies for HIV testing and linkages to care are needed, since only a minority of African adults have been tested in many settings and a drop-off occurs at each step from HIV and CD4 testing, remaining in pre-ART (antiretroviral therapy) care, ART initiation, and adherence over the long term.
This study aims to determine the effects of Point-of-Care (POC) CD4 testing, POC viral load (VL) testing and several linkage strategies (lay-counselor follow-up, accompaniment to HIV clinic by lay counselor, or clinical referral) on linkage to care and treatment adherence for HIV positive persons.
This study also aims to determine the uptake of voluntary circumcision among HIV uninfected males with either promotion at point of HIV testing, Short Message Service (SMS) follow-up or lay counselor follow-up visits.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| POC CD4 & Clinic Accompaniment | Active Comparator | HIV positive persons not on ART at enrollment, randomized to POC CD4 testing and follow up with clinic accompaniment |
|
| POC CD4 & Lay Counselor | Active Comparator | HIV positive persons not on ART at enrollment, randomized to POC CD4 testing and lay counselor follow up |
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| POC CD4 & Clinic Referral | Active Comparator | HIV positive persons not on ART at enrollment, randomized to POC CD4 testing and referral to clinic |
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| CD4 Referral & Clinic Accompaniment | Active Comparator | HIV positive persons not on ART at enrollment, randomized to referral for CD4 testing and follow up with clinic accompaniment |
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| CD4 Referral & Lay Counselor | Active Comparator | HIV positive persons not on ART at enrollment, randomized to referral for CD4 testing and lay counselor follow up |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| POC CD4 Testing | Other | Point of Care CD4 testing |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Linkage to care for HIV infected persons not on treatment following a point-of care CD4 count compared to referral to clinic for CD4 testing | Proportion of HIV positive individuals in the POC CD4 arm who visit a clinic, obtain a staging CD4 test, initiate ART if eligible, or have a viral load <50 copies/mL within 9 months compared to those in the clinic referral arm. | Up to 12 Months |
| Uptake of male circumcision referral among HIV-uninfected men with either promotion at point of HIV testing, SMS follow-up or lay-counselor follow-up visits | Proportion of HIV-uninfected men who visit a male circumcision clinic or outreach venue for information about circumcision and proportion who report being circumcised by month 3 and 9 in the lay-counselor arm compared to the SMS follow-up arm, and male circumcision promotion at HIV testing arm | Up to 9 months |
| Linkage to care for HIV infected persons after lay counselor follow-up, accompaniment to HIV clinic by lay counselor, or clinic referral | Proportion of HIV positive individuals not on ART at baseline who visit a clinic, obtain a staging CD4 test, initiate ART if eligible, or have a viral load <50 copies/mL within 9 months in the lay counselor follow-up arm compared to the accompaniment and clinic referral arms | Up to 12 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| POC viral load testing impact on ART adherence and viral suppression compared to standard laboratory testing | Proportion of HIV positive persons with viral load <50 copies/mL at 3 months among those who receive POC viral load testing compared to those participants who receive standard laboratory-based viral load testing. | Up to 12 months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Connie Celum, MD, MPH | University of Washington | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) | Sweetwaters | KwaZulu-Natal | South Africa | |||
| Intergrated Community Based Initivatives (ICOBI) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27126488 | Derived | Barnabas RV, van Rooyen H, Tumwesigye E, Brantley J, Baeten JM, van Heerden A, Turyamureeba B, Joseph P, Krows M, Thomas KK, Schaafsma TT, Hughes JP, Celum C. Uptake of antiretroviral therapy and male circumcision after community-based HIV testing and strategies for linkage to care versus standard clinic referral: a multisite, open-label, randomised controlled trial in South Africa and Uganda. Lancet HIV. 2016 May;3(5):e212-20. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(16)00020-5. Epub 2016 Mar 10. |
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| CD4 Referral & Clinic Referral | Active Comparator | HIV positive persons not on ART at enrollment, randomized to referral for CD4 testing and referral to clinic |
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| Circumcision - SMS Reminder | Active Comparator | HIV negative uncircumcised males, randomized to SMS reminder for male circumcision |
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| Circumcision - Lay Counselor | Active Comparator | HIV negative uncircumcised males, randomized to lay counselor follow-up for male circumcision |
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| Circumcision - Promotion | Active Comparator | HIV negative uncircumcised males, randomized to promotion of male circumcision at the time of HIV testing |
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| POC VL | Active Comparator | HIV positive persons on ART, randomized to POC viral load testing |
|
| Laboratory based VL assay | Active Comparator | HIV positive persons on ART, randomized to laboratory based viral load testing |
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| CD4 Referral | Other | Referral to CD4 testing |
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| Lay Counselor Follow-up | Behavioral | Follow-up from a lay counselor |
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| Clinic Accompaniment | Behavioral | Accompaniment to the clinic by a counselor |
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| Clinic Referral | Behavioral | Referral to clinic |
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| SMS Reminder | Behavioral | SMS reminder for male circumcision |
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| Circumcision Promotion | Behavioral | Promotion of male circumcision at the time of HIV testing |
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| POC VL | Other | POC VL testing for HIV infected persons on ART |
|
| Laboratory based VL assay | Other | Laboratory based viral load testing for HIV infected persons on ART |
|
| Kabwohe |
| Bushenyi |
| Uganda |