The aim of this study is to test and compare the effectiveness between three groups - Cure-Allergic Rhinitis Syrup (CS), Yuk ping fung San (YS) and placebo groups - of adolescents (nursing students) with Allergic Rhinitis (AR) in improving their symptoms of AR, body constitution pattern and health-related quality of life.

• The hypothesis are to test the effectiveness of the CS treatment on these students' AR symptoms and quality of life at immediately, one month and two months after completion of the 4-week intervention, when compared with the YS treatment and placebo group.

1. Cure-Allergic Rhinitis Syrup (CS) group will show significantly reduction of AR symptoms over the 2-month follow-up, when compared to those in YS and placebo groups.
2. CS group will indicate a healthier body constitution pattern over the follow-up, when compared to those with YS and placebo group.
3. CS group will indicate significantly greater improvement of their quality of life over 2-month follow-up, when compared to those with YS and placebo group.

Background

• Rhinitis (AR) is one of the most concerned public health problems worldwide, resulting from an inflammation of nasal membranes.
• Nursing students is one of the high risk groups, particularly when performing clinical practicum in hospitals in which they would contact with multiple allergens such as micro-organisms, detergents, chemical agents, and frequently used powdered latex gloves. More than 10% of these adolescents would present consistent AR symptoms such as nasal congestion, sneezing and sleep problems and In turn, these symptoms could affect their quality of life and academic performance.
• Non-compliance to medication or refusals to medical advice was common due to lack of efficacy, side effects, fear of being habit-forming, and/or expensive medical costs; and thus many preferred an alternative therapy for improved symptoms and bodily condition, and even full recovery.
• Chinese medicine treats the disease from the root, which is a complementary and alternative approach for holistic convalescence by changing unhealthy body constitution (health status) to healthy. However, little scientific evidence has been established for the treatment of AR with Chinese herbal medicine.
• This study aims to test the effects of two alternative treatments of Chinese herbal medicine, including Cure-Allergic Rhinitis Syrup (CS) and Yuk ping fung San, when compared with a placebo (i.e., wheat syrup with similar taste and smell) group, in reducing university nursing students' AR symptom severity and improving their quality of life and body constitution.

Methodology

• A double-blind randomized controlled trial with repeated-measures, three parallel groups design is adopted.
• Assessment and follow-ups would be taken place in an Integrative Health Clinic of The University under study.
• Stratified random sampling method in terms of the students' years of illness onset and gender has been used to allocate the subjects into one of the three study groups.
• Participants, assessor and researcher are concealed and blinded to the random group allocation, which would be performed by an independent clinic nurse.
• In order to maintain complete blinding, a clinic nurse will also administer the herbal medicine and keep the name list locked, and thus being confidential.
• Participants would be recruited from all of five full-time undergraduate nursing programs in School of Nursing of The University. After their eligibility for inclusion checked and baseline measurement performed with informed consent obtained, the participants would be grouped in terms of duration of the illness (0-2 years, 2-5 years and 5 or above years) and gender and then each would draw one labeled card from an opaque envelope (1=CS, 2=YS and 3=Placebo) from the clinic nurse to allocate them into one of the three groups.
• Quality of life and symptom severity would be measured with self-administered questionnaires, and body constitution assessment would be performed by an Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practitioner, at baseline and immediately, one-month and three-month after the 4-week intervention.

Sampling

• All full-time nursing students in The University under study who met the inclusion criteria and voluntary to participate in this study are the potential subjects.
• Sample size calculation has been calculated in the basis of similar Chinese herbal medicine effects in improving AR symptoms (primary outcome) in previous studies. Total sample size is 195 (n=65 per group) using G-Power based on the effect sizes (0.45) of two similar recent studies (Jung, 2011; Yang, 2010). Taking account of about 20% drop-outs, the estimated sample size becomes 234, thus 78 participants in each group.

Intervention

• Cure-Allergic Rhinitis Syrup (CS) and Yuk ping fung San (YS) are adopted as the two alternative treatments to be tested in this study, while the placebo group will be the controls in this study.
• Medication will be produced and provided by the researcher. CS contains 12 Chinese herbal medicines in one formula, combining 3 classical ancient formula of herbal medicine that are commonly used to enhance healthy body constitution. YS contains 6 herbal medicines, which are commonly used for AR treatment, while the placebo contains wheat powder, sugar and spicy taste of food (ginger).
• Boiling methods for CS and YS are the same, in which the herbal medicines will be boiled with 2000 ml of water for two hours after cleansing to about 500 ml herbal concoction.
• Participants would be asked to take 20 ml per dosage on each day, by diluting two spoons with a half cup of water either in the morning or at night, at their convenience.
• One bottle for two-week dosage would be offered after the first assessment at recruitment; and another bottle for the remaining 2-week dosage would be given during the first follow-up by the end of 2nd week (Interim assessment). Each participant would have to take in total of four weeks herbal medicine.

Ethical issues

• Ethical approval of this study will be obtained from the Human Subjects Research Ethics Sub-committee of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
• Written informed consent will be obtained from the respondents to show their willingness of participation. In order to enhance full understanding of the study before participation, an information sheet to describe in more details about the aim and procedure of the study will be given with explanations before signing the written consent.
• Study data and participant identity are kept anonymous and confidential. Data collected are limited in access by the researcher and clinic nurse for study purpose only. The data will be destroyed after completion of the study and thesis writing.
• Precaution of adverse effects would be taken on the herbal medicine selection (double-checked by an independent TCM practitioner), medicine formation (agreed by at least two TCM practitioners), time of boiling, and interim assessment (by one TCM practitioner) and weekly or bi-weekly face-to-face or telephone follow-ups (by the researcher). Students are reminded of reporting any discomfort and asking questions about the illness and the study. They are given the contact telephone of the researcher and would be referred to Western medicine or TCM practitioner for follow-up, as needed.
• All herbal medicine items should be within normal and recommended dosage. Any toxic effect of the herbal medicines used is reduced by long boiling and minimal dosage.
• Before random group allocation, all participants are assessed and confirmed with the body constitution pattern(s) by one TCM practitioner and history of allergy to herbal medicines, particularly those items adopted in the study, will be checked. Those with such allergies, inappropriate body constitution for the herbal medicines used, or very poor body condition, would be excluded.
• Monitoring of exceptional allergy such as skin rash and related discomforts would be performed over the first 2 weeks of syrup intake. At the end of the 1st and 3rd week of intervention, the researcher would phone up each participant to ask about any concern or discomfort experienced.
• Monitoring the health parameters such as body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and urine for routine testing to assess and understand the participants' health condition and detect possible adverse effect of herbal medicines during interim assessment (2nd week of intervention).
• Although very low risk for adverse events (<0.1%), the researcher would terminate the herbal medicine used and ask the participant to attend Accident and Emergency Department immediately if any found such as serious allergy, skin rash or any illness such as fever or systemic infection, which might be related to signs of over reinforcement of Yang inside the body.
• The TCM practitioner will also monitor any uncommon effects on renal and liver functions such as diarrhea, urinary tract infection, pain, and skin rash in the 2nd and 4th week assessments.

Instruments

• Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire

  o 60 items of Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire can assess the participants' body constitution.

• Quality of life and symptom severity

  • The 28-item Rhino-conjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire is adopted to evaluate the participants' level of quality of life; and
  • The same questionnaire is also used for assessing their symptoms severity.

• Objective assessment of nasal symptoms

• Peak Nasal Inspiration Flow Meter will be adopted to monitor the nasal symptom (blockage)

• Demographic and other clinical information Pilot Study

• Fifteen participants (i.e. five nursing students in each of three study groups) would be recruited for a pilot study. The pilot study is conducted with the same procedure of TCM assessment, and herbal medicines used.

• Data collection with all the questionnaires, health assessment, follow-ups and data analysis will be performed similar to the main study.

• Purposes of the pilot study are to test the feasibility and procedure of the study, evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaires, examine any possible difficulty in sample recruitment and data collection, as well as check the estimated sample size used in the main study. Very minor amendments or modifications have been made on the procedure of the main study according to its results.

Data Collection

• Data collection would be performed at four time points: baseline measurement (Time 1) at recruitment and three post-tests (Times 2-4) (immediately, and 1-month and 3-month following the interventions).
• Baseline assessment would be done to determine the eligibility for participant enrolment (making diagnosis of AR and differentiating their body constitution) and performing baseline measurements (mainly symptom severity, quality of life and body constitution) for the study. After 2-week interim assessment and 4-week intervention, subsequent three post-tests would be performed using the same sets of questionnaires for evaluation of treatment effect and comparison between and within groups.
• All assessments and data collection procedures would be performed in the Integrated Health Clinic, the participants will self-administer the study questionnaires, be assessed by the same TCM practitioner on body constitution and perform other health assessments such as vital signs and urine testing.

Inclusion Criteria of the participants are:

1. Nursing students in a full-time bachelor degree program in School of Nursing at The University under study;
2. They are diagnosed by Western medicine and/or TCM practitioner with allergic rhinitis, including those seasonal or perennial one for at least two years;
3. They have a body constitution of Cold and Yang-Deficiency, according to the TCM assessment;
4. They are aged 18 or above and able to speak Cantonese and/or Mandarin; and
5. They can understand written Chinese language, particularly the questionnaires used.

Exclusion Criteria of these students include those who have:

1. A body constitution pattern of Hot and/or Yin-Deficiency, according to the TCM assessment;
2. Currently been taking long-term medications such as anti-hypertensive and psychiatric drugs;
3. Known medical history of co-morbidity of a recent acute and/or chronic disease such as heart, liver and lung disease, cancer, and/or mental illness;
4. Recently undergone major operation(s), are receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or are going to be admitted into hospital over the study period; and
5. Known allergy history of Chinese herbal medicine .