Background: A traumatic brain injury (TBI) could mean a person is at high risk for other long-lasting problems. These problems could include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and post-concussive syndrome (PCS). For example, about 700,000 Americans each year who have a TBI later go on to have PTSD also. Depression and PCS are also common in people who had a TBI. Some people will have these problems later. These problems can seriously interfere with a person s life. Some people will not have these problems at all. There are many reasons for this difference. Researchers think the main reason is that people have different genetic and environmental influences. Right now, we only have few kinds of treatments to prevent or treat these problems after a TBI. The few treatments we have often do not work well. It is important to understand what factors make a person at high risk for these problems after a TBI. This could allow researchers and doctors to help address these problems early. Addressing these problems earlier may help a person have better health in the long run.

Objectives:

• To study the biological changes that happen after mild to moderate TBI which could be linked to the onset of PTSD, depression, and post-concussive syndrome
• To study brain mechanisms that could explain risks for getting a psychiatric disorder after mild to moderate TBI. This will be done using a test called functional MRI (fMRI). This test takes images of the brain while a person is doing a simple task.

Eligibility:

• Men and women who are 18 to 65 years old.
• Had a mild to moderate TBI (including concussion) in the last month.

Design:

• 5 outpatient visits to the NIH Clinical Center over one year.
• The first visit is a screening visit to see if you can join the study. This visit must happen within 30 days of the TBI. The visit includes lab work (blood and urine), a history and physical exam done by a physician or nurse practitioner, and a psychiatric interview with a behavioral health nurse.
• Visits 2, 3, 4 and 5 happen at one, three, six and twelve months post-injury. At these visits participants may have some or all of the following tests: blood and saliva collection, urine collection, questionnaires and interviews to assess symptoms, a test to see your response to stress (called hydrocortisone challenge), and fMRI brain imaging.
• This study does not provide treatment.
• This study is not a substitute for seeing a primary care provider.
• This study should not replace any therapies you may be taking.

Objective: A traumatic brain injury (TBI) places individuals at high risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). TBIs account for the onset of PTSD in approximately 700,000 Americans each year. Depression and post-concussive syndrome (PCS) are also common and often comorbid with PTSD. However, even in this group, there is a high-level of inter-individual response to traumatic brain injuries, suggesting that a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this risk would be of great value in directing preventive interventions. The reasons for this heterogeneity are undoubtedly multi-factorial, and involve a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors, that we may be able to understand through peripheral biomarkers and central examination of neuronal functioning. We suggest that DNA methylation may be a putative biomarker of psychiatric risk, as it reflects long-term changes in the function of the gene and may shape the recovery ability of the TBI patient through changes in cell function. In addition, differential proteomic response, including the function of the neuroendocrine system, likely relates to changes from epigenetic modification in both neurons and immune cells, which may contribute to the risk for the onset of PTSD as well as depression and PCS. We have previously shown that both PTSD and depression are associated with endocrine alterations, leading us to question if this biological change may underlie vulnerability for the onset of PTSD as well as depression and PCS following a TBI. In support of the idea of shared vulnerability, patients with a TBI also often display endocrine function alterations. In addition, sleep disturbance is common following TBI and is a core symptom of PTSD depression and PCS, suggesting that sleep may contribute to psychiatric and neurological recovery from a TBI. This line of research is essential, as current treatments to prevent or treat psychiatric risk following TBI are often ineffective, and even treatment of PCS is limited. This poor understanding results in our limited ability to reduce the risk for compromises in the health and well-being of patients who sustain a TBI.

Study population: Participants with a moderate or mild TBI (n=100) will be followed for a period of one year.

Design: This is a natural history study that will recruit patients within 30 days of a mild/moderate TBI, and will follow them over a one year period, with follow-up at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months following the TBI. Biological profiles including the concentration of inflammatory proteins and neuropeptides, and DNA methylation will be examined. An optional structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and a hydrocortisone stimulation test will be used to evaluate the role of neuronal and neuroendocrine functioning following TBI.

Outcome measures: The primary outcomes of interest are the biological changes that occur following TBI which are associated with the onset of psychiatric disorders of PTSD, and depression, as well as the onset of PCS. The secondary aim is to examine neuronal mechanisms that underlie the risks for these disorders through the use of fMRI. Additional aims will determine the role of psychological resilience traits in recovery and also how sleep relates to recovery and psychiatric risk.

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:
• Participants must be enrolled in CNRM recruiting protocol (11-N-0084) or evaluated for a TBI at theGeorge Washington University Hospital, or referred from the NIH/CC Office of Patient Recruitment.
• Participants may be NIH employees/staff, except for those who are employed by NINR or subordinates, relatives, and/or co-workers of NINR employees/staff or study investigators.
• Participants will have had a mild to moderate TBI (GCS between 9 and 15) in the previous 30 days.
• Participants will be between the age of 18 and 65 years
• Ability to give own consent
• Demonstrate understanding of the protocol by passing a short consent quiz with a score of 6.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

• Psychiatric Risks: Actively suicidal or at risk for suicide
• Previous or current diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, other psychoses.
• Current diagnosis of depression.
• Previous or current PTSD.
• Current diagnosis of PCS.
• Current alcohol or drug abuse or dependence.
• Pregnancy.
• Under treatment for major illness or injury that may put the participant at higher risk during participation (such as: IV therapy for severe infections, chemotherapy for cancer, multiple necessary surgical interventions for injuries, unstable cardiac disease, severe immune dysfunction, etc.).
• History of any endocrine disorder or dysfunction, unless cleared via an endocrinology consult (including thyroid, adrenal and pituitary disorders).
• Abnormal lab values that may indicate endocrine disorder or dysfunction (unless cleared by endocrine consult) or that may suggest major illness as described above as determined by the screening clinician.
• Unstable diabetes.

Participant may be able to participate in the study but will not be able to have an MRI if they have any of the following:

• Metal in the body such as pacemakers, stimulators, pumps, aneurysm clips, metallic prostheses, artificial heart valves, cochlear implants or shrapnel fragments, or if they are a welder or metal worker.
• Claustrophobia
• Are not able to lie comfortably flat on their back for up to 90 minutes.

Participant may be able to participate in the MRI but not the Affective Stroop portion of the procedure if they are:

• Unable to see images close up without the aid of glasses (plastic goggles and contacts are permissible)
• Are unable to use their index and pointer fingers on both hands for the task.

Participants may not participate in the hydrocortisone stimulation testing if they have any of the following:

-History of any endocrine disorder or dysfunction, unless cleared via an endocrinology consult (including thyroid, adrenal and pituitary

disorders)

• Abnormal lab values that may indicate endocrine disorder or dysfunction (unless cleared by endocrine consult) or that may suggest major illness as described above as determined by the screening clinician.
• Diabetes Mellitus

This study will follow patients who sustained a mild or moderate TBI. Up to 120 participants (target n of completers = 100) will be enrolled into the study within 30 days of the TBI and will be followed over one year. Two groups will emerge: (1) those who develop PTSD, PCS, or depression and (2) those who are resistant to developing these disorders. Participants must be enrolled in CNRM recruiting protocol (11-N-0084), evaluated for a TBI at the George Washington University Hospital, or referred from the NIH/CC Office of Patient Recruitment. NIH employees may participate.