Sugar pill to mimic enzalutamide

Time to first use of new antineoplastic therapy was defined as the time from randomization to first use of new antineoplastic for prostate cancer. Participants not starting treatment with a new antineoplastic therapy at the time of analysis were right censored at the date of last assessment before the analysis data cutoff date for the purposes of analysis. Analysis was based on Kaplan-Meier estimates.

Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time (in months) from randomization to death from any cause. For participants who were alive at the time of the analysis data cutoff, OS time was censored at the last date the participant was known to be alive or analysis data cutoff date, whichever was earlier. Participants with no post baseline survival information were censored on the date of randomization. Analysis was based on Kaplan-Meier estimates.

Pain was assessed using the score from the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF) question 3: "Please rate your pain by marking the box beside the number that best describes your pain at its worst in the last 24 hours." Time to this event was defined as the time from randomization to onset of pain progression, where pain progression was defined as a 2-point or more increase from baseline in the question 3 score. Participants without observed pain progression at the time of analysis were right censored at the date of last pain assessment for the purposes of analysis. Analysis was based on Kaplan-Meier estimates.

Time to first use of cytotoxic chemotherapy was defined as the time from randomization to the first use of cytotoxic chemotherapy for prostate cancer. Participants not starting treatment with a cytotoxic chemotherapy for prostate cancer at the time of analysis were right censored at the date of last assessment before the analysis data cutoff date for the purposes of analysis. Analysis was based on Kaplan-Meier estimates.

Chemotherapy-free disease-specific survival was defined as the time from randomization to first use of cytotoxic chemotherapy for prostate cancer or death due to prostate cancer as assessed by the investigator. Participants not starting treatment with a cytotoxic chemotherapy or not known to have died due to prostate cancer at the time of analysis were right censored at the date of last assessment before the analysis data cutoff date for the purposes of analysis. Analysis was based on Kaplan-Meier estimates.

Chemotherapy-free survival was defined as the time from randomization to first use of cytotoxic chemotherapy for prostate cancer or death due to any cause. Participants not starting treatment with a cytotoxic chemotherapy or not known to have died at the time of analysis were censored at the date of last assessment before the analysis data cutoff date for the purposes of analysis. Analysis was based on Kaplan-Meier estimates.

PSA response was calculated at each visit as a decline from baseline in PSA (ng/mL) to the maximal PSA response with thresholds at 50% and 90%. Additionally, PSA response was assessed as a decline to undetectable levels, where undetectable level was defined as below the limit of quantification of the centrally assessed PSA results (the lower limit of quantification was 0.02 ng/mL). PSA response was confirmed by a second consecutive value at least 3 weeks later.

The FACT-P questionnaire is a multidimensional, self-reported quality of life instrument consisting of 27 core items that assess participant function in 4 domains: physical, social/family, emotional, functional well-being, and supplemented by 12 site-specific items to assess prostate-related symptoms. Each item was rated on a 0 to 4 Likert-type scale, and then combined to produce subscale scores for each domain, as well as a global quality of life score which ranged from 0 to 156 where higher scores represented better quality of life.

EQ-5D-5L is a standardized instrument that measures health-related quality of life for men with prostate cancer. EQ-5D consists of EQ-5D descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (VAS). EQ-5D descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels: 1=no problems, 2=slight problems, 3=moderate problems, 4=severe problems, and 5=extreme problems. Number of participants with various responses to the mobility questionnaire are reported.

EQ-5D-5L is a standardized instrument that measures health-related quality of life for men with prostate cancer. EQ-5D consists of EQ-5D descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ-5D descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels: 1=no problems, 2=slight problems, 3=moderate problems, 4=severe problems, and 5=extreme problems. Number of participants with various responses to the self-care questionnaire are reported.

EQ-5D-5L is a standardized instrument that measures health-related quality of life for men with prostate cancer. EQ-5D consists of EQ-5D descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (VAS). EQ-5D descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels: 1=no problems, 2=slight problems, 3=moderate problems, 4=severe problems, and 5=extreme problems. Number of participants with various responses to the usual activities questionnaire are reported.

EQ-5D-5L is a standardized instrument that measures health-related quality of life for men with prostate cancer. EQ-5D consists of EQ-5D descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (VAS). EQ-5D descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels: 1=no problems, 2=slight problems, 3=moderate problems, 4=severe problems, and 5=extreme problems. Number of participants with various responses to the pain/discomfort questionnaire are reported.

EQ-5D-5L is a standardized instrument that measures health-related quality of life for men with prostate cancer. EQ-5D consists of EQ-5D descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (VAS). EQ-5D descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels: 1=no problems, 2=slight problems, 3=moderate problems, 4=severe problems, and 5=extreme problems. Number of participants with various responses to the anxiety/depression questionnaire are reported.

EQ-5D-5L is a standardized instrument that measures health-related quality of life for men with prostate cancer. EQ-5D consists of EQ-5D descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ-5D-5L-VAS records participant's self-rated health on a vertical VAS that allows them to indicate their health state that can range from 0 (worst imaginable) to 100 (best imaginable), higher scores indicating a better health state.

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 31 are reported. Question 31 was following: "Have you had to urinate frequently during the day?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 32 are reported. Question 32 was following: "Have you had to urinate frequently at night?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 33 are reported. Question 33 was following: "When you felt the urge to pass urine, did you have to hurry to get to the toilet?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 34 are reported. Question 34 was following: "Was it difficult for you to get enough sleep, because you needed to get up frequently at night to urinate?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 35 are reported. Question 35 was following: "Have you had difficulty going out of the house because you needed to be close to a toilet?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 36 are reported. Question 36 was following: "Have you had any unintentional release (leakage) of urine?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 37 are reported. Question 37 was following: "Did you have pain when you urinated?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 38 are reported. Question 38 was following: "Has wearing an incontinence aid been a problem for you?". This question was answered by only those participants who wore incontinence aid.

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 39 are reported. Question 39 was following: "Have your daily activities been limited by your urinary problems?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 40 are reported. Question 40 was following: "Have your daily activities been limited by your bowel problems?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 41 are reported. Question 41 was following: "Have you had any unintentional release (leakage) of stools?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 42 are reported. Question 42 was following: "Have you had blood in your stools?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 43 are reported. Question 43 was following: "Did you have a bloated feeling in your abdomen?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 44 are reported. Question 44 was following: "Did you have hot flushes?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 45 are reported. Question 45 was following: "Have you had sore or enlarged nipples or breasts?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 46 are reported. Question 46 was following: "Have you had swelling in your legs or ankles?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 47 are reported. Question 47 was following: "Has weight loss been a problem for you?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 48 are reported. Question 48 was following: "Has weight gain been a problem for you?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 49 are reported. Question 49 was following: "Have you felt less masculine as a result of your illness or treatment?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 50 are reported. Question 50 was following: "To what extent were you interested in sex?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 51 are reported. Question 51 was following: "To what extent were you sexually active (with or without intercourse)?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 52 are reported. Question 52 was following: "To what extent was sex enjoyable for you?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 53 are reported. Question 53 was following: "Did you have difficulty getting or maintaining an erection?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 54 are reported. Question 54 was following: "Did you have ejaculation problems (e.g, dry ejaculation)?"

The EORTC QLQ-PR25, a module of the EORTC QLQ-30 questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. It consisted of 25 questions (Question 31 to 55) distributed on 6 domains: urinary symptoms (8 items), incontinence aid (1 item), bowel symptoms (4 items), hormonal treatment-related symptoms (HTRS) (6 items), sexual activity (2 items), and sexual functioning (4 items). Participants answered each of these questions using 4 point scale (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=quite a bit, 4=very much). Number of participants with various responses to the question 55 are reported. Question 55 was following: "Have you felt uncomfortable about being sexually intimate?"

An AE was any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received study drug without regard to possibility of causal relationship. A SAE was an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any other reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly. A treatment-emergent AE (TEAE) was defined as an AE that occurred from the date and time of the first dose of study drug through the date of last dose +30 days (or the day before initiation of a new antineoplastic treatment, whichever occurred first). AEs included both non-serious adverse events (AEs) and SAEs.

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in participant who received study drug without regard to possibility of causal relationship. As per NCI CTCAE, Grade 3 events =medically significant but not immediately life-threatening, unacceptable or intolerable events, significantly interrupting usual daily activity, require systemic drug therapy/other treatment, Grade 4 events =participant to be in imminent danger of death. Grade 5 events =death. A treatment-emergent AE (TEAE) was defined as an AE that occurred from the date and time of the first dose of study drug through the date of last dose +30 days (or the day before initiation of a new antineoplastic treatment, whichever occurred first).Number of participants with AEs of any of the Grade 3 or above (Grade 4, 5) were reported.

An AE was any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received study drug without regard to possibility of causal relationship. A serious adverse event (SAE) was an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any other reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly. AEs included both non-serious adverse events (AEs) and SAEs.

Hematology parameters: Haemoglobin (grams per liter [g/L]); leukocytes (log 10 raised to power 9 per liter [10*9/L]); lymphocytes (log 10 raised to power 6 per liter [10*6/L]); neutrophils (log 10 raised to power 6 per liter [10*6/L]); platelets (log 10 raised to power 9 per litre [10*9/L]).

Chemistry parameters: Alanine aminotransferase (units per liter [U/L]); albumin (g/L); alkaline phosphatase (U/L); bilirubin (micromoles per liter [umol/L]); calcium (millimoles per liter [mmol/L]); creatine kinase (U/L); creatinine (umol/L); glucose, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium (mmol/L).

Vital signs included Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and heart rate.

Participants received 4 capsules of placebo (matched to Enzalutamide) orally, once daily in double blind phase (up to a maximum of 51.3 months) until radiographic progression. Participants were given an opportunity to switch to open-label enzalutamide after completion of double blind phase. Participants after last dose of study drug, were followed up for safety up to 30 days and were long term followed up (for survival status and new prostate cancer therapies) to the death date or last known survival date.

Participants who received placebo in double-blind phase and who agreed to proceed to open-label phase, received 4 capsules of Enzalutamide 40 mg each (total dose of 160 mg per day), orally once daily (up to a maximum of 18.8 months) until radiographic progression. Participants after last dose of study drug, were followed up for safety up to 30 days and were long term followed up (for survival status and new prostate cancer therapies) to the death date or last known survival date.