Effects of Roflumilast in Hospitalized COPD on Mortality and Re-hospitalization
Effects of Roflumilast in Hospitalized COPD on Mortality and Re-hospitalization
Background: COPD exacerbations add considerably to patients' burden because they: (1) cause frequent hospital admissions and relapses or readmissions, (2) contribute directly to the death of many patients, either during hospitalization or shortly thereafter, (3) cause patients significant stress, prolonged physical discomfort, disability and dramatically reduced quality of life, (4) consume the majority of the resources available to manage this chronic condition, (5) frequently progress to a severe stage warranting hospitalization before any abortive treatment is instituted, and (6) may hasten the progressive loss of lung function, a steady decline that is a cardinal feature of COPD itself. Hence, investigations of new therapies to treat COPD patients who are hospitalized with a severe exacerbation are desperately needed.
Objective: To test the feasibility of roflumilast to decrease all cause readmission and mortality 180 days after hospitalization for acute COPD exacerbation.
Methods: Parallel-group, prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of roflumilast 500 ug daily vs. placebo in approximately 100 hospitalized AECOPD patients. Inclusion Criteria. Primary diagnosis of AECOPD; admission to the hospital <12 hours; patient age >40, < 80 years old; cigarette smoking > 10 pack-years. Exclusion Criteria. Prior diagnosis or high suspicion for asthma; pulmonary edema, pneumonia, interstitial lung disease or significant bronchiectasis; intubated and mechanically ventilated at the time of evaluation; active liver disease, or transaminase elevations (> 3xULN); history of heavy ethanol use; history of suicidal behavior ≤ 2 years or suicidal ideation ≤ 6 months prior to enrollment; pregnant or lactating females. Those on the following excluded medications: P450 inducers and CYP3A4 inhibitors or dual inhibitors that inhibit both CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 simultaneously
Background :Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) afflicts 24 million US residents and is the 3th leading cause of death in the United States. Each year, 150,000 patients die from COPD in the U.S. or about one patient every 4 minutes. Health care costs for COPD patients in the US is approximately $6.5 billion/ year, but its indirect costs probably double the costs of care when taking into account lost productivity and caretaker expenses. COPD exacerbations add considerably to that burden because they: (1) cause frequent hospital admissions and relapses or readmissions, (2) contribute directly to the death of many patients, either during hospitalization or shortly thereafter, (3) cause patients significant stress, prolonged physical discomfort, disability and dramatically reduced quality of life, (4) consume the majority of the resources available to manage this chronic condition, (5) frequently progress to a severe stage warranting hospitalization before any abortive treatment is instituted, and (6) may hasten the progressive loss of lung function, a steady decline that is a cardinal feature of COPD itself.
Hospitalized exacerbations result in a profound impact on patient survival, function, symptoms and health status as well as costs. Re-hospitalization in COPD is frequent and associated with a particularly negative impact. Patients discharged from the hospital after a COPD exacerbation have a high mortality and are frequently readmitted with recurrent exacerbations. Although a number of pharmacologic and behavioral interventions have been used to decrease exacerbations in COPD, it is not clear that these same interventions are successful in reducing hospital admission rates or re-admission rates. Except for the use of noninvasive ventilation in patients that present in acute respiratory failure during COPD hospitalization, no new therapies have been discovered in the last 3 decades.
A. Specific Aims: In this pilot proposal, we will test the feasibility of roflumilast to decrease all cause readmission and mortality 180 days after hospitalization for acute COPD exacerbation. We propose to conduct this study in 100 patients at three centers to assess the tolerance and treatment effect of roflumilast in order to power an appropriate definitive phase III multicenter trial.
B. Study Design and Synopsis: Parallel-group, prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of roflumilast 500 ug daily vs. placebo in approximately 100 hospitalized AECOPD patients. Both groups will receive GOLD guideline-recommended care.
Patients hospitalized with AECOPD will be eligible for enrollment ≤ 12 hours after admission. Demographics, blood tests, health related quality of life, comorbidity (Deyo-Charlson index), post bronchodilator spirometry, vital signs, dyspnea measured by MMRC, SaO2 and amount of inspired O2 to maintain SaO2> 90% at rest, serum fibrinogen levels, HBA1c, Biomarkers and Genetics will be obtained after enrollment and then patients will be randomized to standard AECOPD care plus roflumilast 500 ug daily vs. placebo. Patients will begin roflumilast or placebo < 12 hours of hospitalization for a total period of 180 days post enrollment. On discharge day (approximately day 3-4 after admission based on the recent COPD CRN zileuton study of hospitalized AECOPD), the measurements will be repeated as indicated (baseline measurements), with follow-up phone assessments at days 7, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 194 days post enrollment. An in-person clinical visit will be conducted at days 14 and 180 post randomization.
Study will begin within 12 hours of patient's admission and last for 194 days. Baseline: Will occur within 12 hours of patient's admission to the hospital. Patients will have a medical history taken as well as smoking history. Patients will also be given a physical exam including vital signs. A spirometry test will also be performed. Women with the potential to become pregnant will be given a pregnancy test. Data will also be collected in regards to dyspnea scales, Deyo-Charlson index, and GOLD classification. Patients will complete a Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale to exclude patients with a history of suicidal behavior ≤ 2 years or suicidal ideation ≤ 6 months prior to enrollment Randomization: Patients will be randomized to one of two treatment groups. Randomization will be done using a randomized block design stratified by treatment center. One group will receive roflumilast 500 mcg (Daliresp®) and the other will receive a placebo tablet. Patients will begin one of these treatment arms within 12 hours of hospitalization for a total period of 180 days post enrollment.
Day of hospital discharge: A spirometry test will be performed and an adverse event assessment will be completed.
Day 7: Phone Visit. Data collected includes: interim history, adverse events, vital status, and exacerbation history. During this telephone visit the study doctor or nurse coordinator will ask how the patient is feeling and if they have needed to visit the doctor or go to the emergency room or hospital since the last time they were contacted. They will be asked how well they are tolerating the study drug.
Day 14: Clinic Visit. At this visit vital signs, C-SSRS test, interim history, adverse event assessment, vital status, and exacerbation history will be recorded. The following questionnaires will given: EQ-5D, the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and the Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea score (MMRC).
Days 30, 60, 90, & 120: Phone Visit. Data to be collected includes: interim history, adverse events assessments, vital status, and exacerbation history. During each of these telephone visits the study doctor or nurse coordinator will ask how the patient is feeling and if they have needed to visit the doctor or go to the emergency room or hospital since the last time they were contacted. They will be asked how well they are tolerating the study drug.
Day 180: Clinic Visit. At this visit vital signs, C-SSRS test, interim history, adverse event assessment, vital status, and exacerbation history will be recorded. A spirometry test will be performed as well during this visit. The following questionnaires will given: EQ-5D, the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and the Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea score (MMRC).
Day 194: Phone Visit. This phone call covers the wash out period for the study treatments. Data to be collected includes: interim history, adverse events assessments, vital status, and exacerbation history. During this telephone visits the study doctor or nurse coordinator will ask how the patient is feeling and if they have needed to visit the doctor or go to the emergency room or hospital since the last time they were contacted.
All patients will receive standardized, optimized care for AECOPD. Nebulized albuterol (2.5 mg in 0.5 ml, dilute to 3 ml NSS administered every 4-6 hours) and ipratropium bromide (0.5 mg in 0.5 ml, diluted with 2.5 ml of saline administered every 6 hours) will be given. A 14-day course of systemic steroids consisting of intravenous methylprednisolone 125 mg every 6 hours for up to 72 hours, followed by once daily oral prednisone 60mg/day for days 4-7, 40 mg prednisone days 8-11 and 20 mg prednisone days 12-14 will be provided. A 7-day course of antibiotics will be selected based on patient's medical allergy history and relevant culture data if available. Supplemental oxygen will be provided by route and dose to achieve maximum patient comfort and compliance to maintain a SaO2 > 92%. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation will be utilized at the discretion of the treating physicians.
Following oral administration, roflumilast is rapidly absorbed with a tmax of about 1 hour and an 80% bioavailability. Roflumilast is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 enzymes with N-oxide being the principal major metabolite. N-oxide has selectivity for the PDE4 isoenzyme and mainly accounts for roflumilast's in vivo bioactivity. No major interactions have been reported between roflumilast and other COPD medications.
The present proposal is a pilot study designed to test the feasibility of a future project to be conducted in a multicenter trial in hospitalized patients. Determine the treatment effect of roflumilast as add-on therapy to decrease all cause readmission and mortality as a composite endpoint 180 days after randomization to roflumilast or matching placebo ≤ 12 hours after hospitalization for acute COPD exacerbation.
The primary analysis for all study outcomes will be performed on an intention to treat basis. In the intention to treat approach, all subjects are analyzed in the group to which they were randomized, regardless of whether the assigned treatment was adhered to and regardless of whether there were any eligibility violations.
Univariate descriptive statistics will be calculated for baseline parameters overall and by treatment group. For categorical outcomes, these will include the number percentage of subjects in each category. For continuous variables, these will include the mean and standard deviation for variables with approximately normal distributions and the median and 25th and 75% percentiles for variables with skewed distributions.
The primary outcome is time from randomization to a composite outcome of all cause re-hospitalization and all-cause mortality, whichever comes first. The primary analysis will be a log-ranked test and associated Kaplan-Meier plot, unadjusted for any covariates. Censoring will occur at the earliest date of any of the following occurrences, unless the subject has already experienced the primary outcome event:
The primary analyses of changes in continuous measures such as absolute and percent changes in spirometry and dyspnea scores, for example, will be analyzed using an analysis of covariance where change from baseline to a particular time period is the dependent variable.
In this pilot proposal, the treatment effect of roflumilast vs. placebo to prolong the time to event of a combined endpoint of death or re-hospitalization will be assessed in an intention to treat manner. In a similar manner, the treatment effect of roflumilast vs. placebo to effect all of the secondary endpoints proposed to be measured in the pivotal phase III trial will also be measured (time to respiratory death or respiratory re-hospitalization during the 180 days post-randomization; rate of death or readmission at 30 days post-discharge; treatment failure; change in health status, change in FEV1, and dyspnea during the 180 days post-randomization; length of hospital stay during the index hospitalization; and the tolerance of roflumilast vs. placebo in hospitalized AECOPD).
Because this is a pilot study the intent is to see if there is a signal that would justify a larger clinical trial. Therefore the significance level has been set to 0.1 and the power has been set at 0.7. A total of 100 patients will enter this two treatment parallel-design study. The probability is 70 percent that the study will detect a treatment difference at a two sided 10.0 percent significance level, if the true hazard ratio is 1.654. This is based on the assumption that the accrual period will be 36 months and the follow up period will be 6 months and the median time to event is 8 months. The total number of events will be 73.
Inclusion Criteria:
Primary diagnosis of AECOPD defined as acute increase in dyspnea, sputum volume, and/or sputum purulence without other identified cause; admission to the hospital <12 hours; patient age >40, < 80 years old; cigarette smoking > 10 pack-years; informed written consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
Prior diagnosis or high suspicion for asthma based on investigator judgment; pulmonary edema, pneumonia, interstitial lung disease or significant bronchiectasis based on admission chest x-ray; intubated and mechanically ventilated at the time of evaluation; active liver disease, or transaminase elevations (> 3xULN); history of alcoholism or heavy ethanol use; history of suicidal behavior ≤ 2 years or suicidal ideation ≤ 6 months prior to enrollment; pregnant or lactating females. Those on the following excluded medications: P450 inducers (e.g., rifampicin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and phenytoin) and CYP3A4 inhibitors or dual inhibitors that inhibit both CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 simultaneously (e.g., erythromycin, ketoconazole, fluvoxamine, enoxacin, cimetidine.