This research study is evaluating a new type of melanoma vaccine called "Personalized NeoAntigen Cancer Vaccine". The purpose of this study is to determine if it is possible to make and administer safely a vaccine against melanoma by using information gained from specific characteristics of the participant's own melanoma. It is known that melanomas have mutations (changes in genetic material) that are specific to an individual patient and tumor. These mutations can cause the tumor cells to produce proteins that appear very different from the body's own cells. It is possible that these proteins used in a vaccine may induce strong immune responses, which may help the participant's body fight any tumor cells that could cause the melanoma to come back in the future. The study will examine the safety of the vaccine when given at several different time points and will examine the participant's blood cells for signs that the vaccine induced an immune response.

The study is an open label, phase I trial in which patients with high-risk melanoma are immunized with up to 20 peptides that are both specific to the patient's tumor cells (i.e., not found in their normal cells) and unique to the patient (i.e., "personal"). These peptides are encoded by missense mutations, in-frame gene fusions and novel open reading frame mutations (collectively known as "neoantigens") that have occurred within that patient's tumor cells and are identified through DNA and RNA sequencing. Up to 20 peptides about 20-30 amino acids in length will be prepared for each patient and will be administered together with the immune adjuvant poly-ICLC. The personalized NeoAntigen Cancer Vaccine consists of peptides + poly-ICLC and is called "NeoVax." This phase 1 study is designed to demonstrate that the combination of personalized neoantigen peptides and poly-ICLC is safe, feasible, and induces strong tumor-specific T cell immunity.

The trial has a two-stage enrollment process. Eligible patients will be initially entered into the trial to undergo surgery with the intent to resect all melanoma detectable clinically and on radiographic scans. Patients will be reassessed for eligibility prior to the first vaccination and will continue onto the treatment phase of the trial if secondary eligibility criteria are met. Patients with tumors that are not completely resected and/or that provide inadequate DNA and/or RNA for sequencing will be removed from the trial and replaced. After NeoVax has been prepared, the vaccine will be administered on days 1, 4, 8, 15, and 22 (priming phase), and on days 78 and 134 (booster phase).

Five patients will be entered for the initial safety evaluation (Cohort 1). If none or only 1 patient experiences a DLT on Cohort 1, an additional 10 patients will be treated at this dose to increase the likelihood of detecting serious toxicities, to complete biologic correlative endpoints, and to gain preliminary experience with clinical tumor activity. If two or more patients in Cohort 1 experience dose limiting toxicity (DLT) during the first 7 weeks of treatment, then the dose of poly-ICLC will be reduced by 50% and 5 patients will be enrolled into Cohort -1. If none or only 1 patient experiences a DLT on Cohort -1, then an additional 10 patients will be enrolled as described above. If two or more patients in Cohort -1 experience a DLT, then the study will be stopped. If four or more patients in the expansion cohort experience dose limiting toxicity (DLT) during the first 7 weeks of treatment, then the dose expansion cohort will be determined to have unacceptable toxicity and the study will be stopped prior to completion of enrollment of the expansion cohort.

Inclusion Criteria (all must be met):

• Patient is willing and able to give written informed consent.
• Patient is agreeable to allow tumor and normal tissue samples to be submitted for complete exome and transcriptome sequencing.
• Pathologically confirmed, clinically evident (by physical examination or radiographic imaging) stage IIIB, IIIC, IVM1a, or IVM1b cutaneous melanoma (anatomic stages T1-4b N1a and T1-4b N2a not included). The current diagnosis may be the patient's first diagnosis of melanoma or recurrent melanoma after previous diagnosis of an earlier stage melanoma.
• Patients will undergo complete resection of their primary melanoma (if not already removed) and all regional metastatic disease with the intent of rendering them free of melanoma.
• The patient must be free of unresectable metastatic disease within 4 weeks prior to the surgery being performed with the intention to remove all melanoma.
• This pre-surgery baseline assessment must be documented by complete physical examination and imaging studies. Imaging studies must include a total body PET-CT in conjunction with a brain MRI (or head CT if brain MRI is contraindicated). If a PET/CT scan cannot be done, a CT of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis should be performed.
• Patients may have received prior interferon alpha (IFN-α), but must have discontinued IFN-α therapy within 4 weeks prior to enrollment on the trial. Patients who have not received prior adjuvant therapy should be informed of the potential therapeutic benefit of IFN-α.
• Previous radiation therapy, including after the surgical resection, is allowed as long as 14 days have elapsed between the radiation and initiation of first vaccination with NeoVax.
• Age ≥ 18 years.
• ECOG performance status of 0 or 1
• Normal organ and bone marrow function as defined below:
• Leukocytes ≥ 3,500/mcL
• Absolute lymphocyte count > 800/mcL
• Absolute neutrophil count > 1,500/mcL
• Platelets > 100,000/mcL
• Hemoglobin > 10.0 g/dL
• Total serum bilirubin < 1.0 x institutional upper limit of normal
• AST (SGOT)/ALT (SGPT) < 2.0 x institutional upper limit of normal
• Serum creatinine< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal
• Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) must have a negative pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent of HCG) before entry onto the trial and within 7 days prior to start of study medication because the effects NeoVax on the developing human fetus are unknown. It is the investigator's responsibility to repeat the pregnancy test should start of treatment be delayed.
• Female patients enrolled in the study, who are not free from menses for >2 years, post hysterectomy / oophorectomy, or surgically sterilized, must be willing to use either 2 adequate barrier methods or a barrier method plus a hormonal method of contraception to prevent pregnancy, or to abstain from sexual activity throughout the study, starting with visit 1 through 4 weeks after the last dose of study therapy. Approved contraceptive methods include, for example: intra uterine device, diaphragm with spermicide, cervical cap with spermicide, male condoms, or female condom with spermicide. Spermicides alone are not an acceptable method of contraception.
• Male patients must agree to use an adequate method of contraception starting with the first dose of NeoVax through 4 weeks after the last dose of study therapy.

Exclusion Criteria (one or more will exclude from participation):

• Prior treatment with immune-modulatory agents including, but not limited to: IL-2, CTLA-4 blockade, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, CD40 stimulation, CD137 stimulation with the exception of INF-α given as adjuvant treatment for high-risk, surgically resected melanoma
• Prior investigational, melanoma-directed, cancer vaccine therapy
• Prior chemotherapy, including targeted therapy such as BRAF or MEK inhibition
• Treatment with other investigational products within the last 2 months prior to entry into this study
• Previous bone marrow or stem cell transplant
• Concomitant therapy with any anti-cancer agents, other investigational anti-cancer therapies, or immunosuppressive agents; chronic use of systemic corticosteroids
• Use of a non-oncology vaccine therapy for prevention of infectious diseases (up-to) 4 weeks prior to enrollment to the study. Patients may not receive any non-oncology vaccine therapy during the period of NeoVax administration and until at least 8 weeks after the last dose of study therapy
• History of severe allergic reactions attributed to any vaccine therapy for the prevention of infectious diseases
• Mucosal melanoma or uveal melanoma are not allowed
• Active, known, or suspected autoimmune disease or immunosuppressive conditions with the exception of vitiligo, type 1 diabetes, residual autoimmune-related hypothyroidism requiring hormone replacement, or psoriasis not requiring systemic treatment.
• Concomitant treatment with corticosteroids greater than physiologic doses (used in the management of cancer or non-cancer-related illnesses). Topical (if not including the proposed vaccination sites) or inhalational steroids are allowed.
• Known chronic infections with HIV, hepatitis B or C
• Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia
• Any underlying medical condition, psychiatric condition or social situation that in the opinion of the investigator would compromise study administration as per protocol or compromise the assessment of AEs.
• Pregnant women are excluded from this study because personalized neoantigen peptides and poly-ICLC are agents with unknown risks to the developing fetus. Because there is an unknown but potential risk of adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with personalized neoantigen peptides and poly-ICLC, nursing women are excluded from this study.
• Individuals with a history of a different malignancy are ineligible except for the following circumstances: Individuals with a history of other malignancies are eligible if they have been disease-free for at least 5 years and are deemed by the investigator to be at low risk for recurrence of that malignancy. Individuals with the following cancers are eligible if diagnosed and treated within the past 5 years: cervical cancer in situ and basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Total of 2 years after treatment initiation.

Adverse events assessments every 3 months at re-staging follow-up visits (+/- 1 week) to continue until initiation of a new therapy for recurrent disease, withdrawal of consent, or death, whichever occurs first. All participants who receive one or more doses of NeoVax are included in the safety analysis.