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The study tests whether pioglitazone (PIO)as compared to metformin (MET)affects bone health including bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, and osteocyte biomarker in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
Women with T2DM exhibit normal or higher bone mineral density (BMD) for their age, but with approximately twice the overall risk of bone fragility compared with nondiabetic subjects. Known the apparent association between T2DM and the risk of bone fragility, examining the effects of commonly used oral antidiabetic agents; such as MET and thiazolidinediones (TZDs; for example rosiglitazone [ROS] or PIO), on BMD and/or bone turnover is of great clinical relevance for both diabetic patients and their treating physicians. Recent clinical trials, showed that women treated with ROS had higher risk of bone fragility and self-reported adverse events. Similarly, women on long-term treatment with PIO for T2DM experienced higher incidence of distal extremity fractures. TZDs are agonists of the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) which increase insulin sensitivity and improve glycemic control in T2DM. PPAR (γ) acts also as a molecular factor that favours adipogenesis over osteoblastogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. The latter was suggested as a potential mechanism for the effects of TZDs on bone among others. In humans, TZDs decrease BMD and increase bone fragility risk. This study tests whether pioglitazone as compared to MET (both are commonly used in the treatment of T2DM in Saudi Arabia and other countries) affects bone health including bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, and osteocyte biomarker in patients with T2DM.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental: 1 | Experimental | Pioglitazone given 30mg/once daily for 12 months. |
|
| Active comparator: 2 | Active Comparator | Metformin given 850 mg/twice daily for 12 months. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pioglitazone | Drug | 30 mg/daily for 12 months |
|
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in mean percentage change in BMD at various sites by Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) from baseline and at 6, 12 months in PIO versus MET treatment group. | The primary endpoint was change in mean percentage change in BMD values at the lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck and total hip by DXA from baseline and at 6 and 12 months in the PIO and the MET treatment groups. | 6-18 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Bone turnover Markers and other Biomarkers | Secondary end-points were changes in serum sclerostin, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), serum procollagen type1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and serum C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX); and urinary N-terminal crosslinking telopeptide type 1 collagen (u-NTX); serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), and serum Dickkopf-1( DKK-1) at various time intervals from baseline between PIO vs MET treatment. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Exploratory and Safety Outcomes | Other endpoints were changes in inflammatory markers (hs-CRP) | 6-18 months |
| Exploratory Outcomes: lipid profile | lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and triglycerides) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mohammed-Salleh M Ardawi, PhD, FRCPath | Center of Excellence for Osteoporosis Research and Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University | Principal Investigator |
| Abdulrahim A Rouzi, FRCPC | Center of Excellence for Osteoporosis Research, and Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center of Excellence for Osteoporosis Research, King Abdulaziz University | Jeddah | Mecca Region | 21589 | Saudi Arabia |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000077205 | Pioglitazone |
| D008687 | Metformin |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D045162 | Thiazolidinediones |
| D013844 | Thiazoles |
| D013457 | Sulfur Compounds |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
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| Metformin | Drug | 850 mg/daily for 12 months |
|
|
| 6-18 months |
| 6-18 months |
| Exploratory outcomes: liver and renal function tests | liver function tests [albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)]; renal function tests (creatinine, urea, uric acid) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). | 6-18 months |
| Exploratory outcomes: glycemic control | within and between treatment group comparisons of change from baseline at specified time points in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin, and insulin sensitivity measured by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-s). | 6-18 months |
| Exploratory and safety outcomes | Safety endpoints were adverse events (AEs), clinical laboratory assessments, vital signs, and electrocardiograms | 6-18 months |
| D001393 |
| Azoles |
| D006573 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D001645 | Biguanides |
| D006146 | Guanidines |
| D000578 | Amidines |