The grant for this study was not allowed.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether intraoperative restrictive fluid management guided by pulse pressure variation produces a better effect on the postoperative lung function, kidney function, inflammatory response and short-term outcome after esophagectomy and reconstruction.

Measurements: intraoperative Lung injury score, Lung water index, Pulmonary vascular Permeability Index Measurements: intraoperative and postoperative Plasma creatine, C reactive protein (CRP), lactate, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8)

Inclusion Criteria:

• patients undergoing esophagectomy and reconstruction

Exclusion Criteria:

• ASA score >= 3, (American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status classification system)
• arrythmia, atrial fibrillation
• lung diseases, such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); lung function test showed moderate to severe ventilation defect
• plasma creatinine level above 1.5 mg/dl