The study employs a quasi-experimental design in 8 public health centers in southwest Uganda offering care and treatment (C&T) services. In 4 health centers, a basic intervention is introduced, whereby HIV/AIDS providers are trained on contraception for HIV-positive women. They are charged with counseling C&T clients on FP; offering condoms, pills and injectables; and referring clients for other FP methods. In the other 4 health centers, the basic intervention is introduced along with an intervention for constructive male engagement in HIV and FP services. This includes training of C&T providers on gender-based influences on health behaviors; provision of couples' HIV testing and FP counseling services; and community-based education for men to promote gender equitable norms and male participation in health services.

This study will be conducted in Kabale District, Uganda, a rural district where prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) and care and treatment (C&T) services are offered in eight public sector health facilities. The primary aim of this study is to test an intervention for increasing use of the full spectrum of PMTCT services, including family planning (FP), through enhanced constructive male involvement in reproductive health decision making. This aim will be accomplished by conducting a cluster randomized trial, whereby a "constructive male engagement" intervention package will be introduced in four randomly selected health centers and surrounding communities; the other four sites will serve as comparisons. Pre- and post-intervention cross sectional surveys will be conducted with male and female C&T clients to assess intervention effectiveness, measured in terms of dual method use. In addition to the male engagement intervention, reinforcements will be introduced in all eight participating facilities to enhance providers' capacity to serve the FP needs of C&T clients. We hypothesize that the percentage of clients reporting dual method use will increase slightly in all facilities as a result of this "HIV-FP integration intervention." To measure the independent effect of the reinforcements, the study will compare contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of clients measured pre- and post-intervention in the comparison sites only, in the absence of the male engagement intervention. We further hypothesize that improvements will be incrementally greater in the four facilities exposed to the additional constructive male engagement intervention.

The study will include additional data collection and analyses to support secondary objectives.

1. Services statistics will be tracked to assess changes in uptake and continuation of PMTCT services.
2. The study will include a qualitative component to investigate condom use behaviors. Based on other investigations, it is anticipated that rates of self-reported condom use among C&T clients will be high. To examine those behaviors more closely and to circumvent courtesy bias often associated with quantitative surveys, the study will conduct individual in-depth interviews with a subset of female and male C&T clients reporting consistent condom use.
3. The constructive male engagement intervention will comprise both community- and clinic-based components. To assess the effectiveness of the community-based men's workshops, the study will assess changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among men exposed to the community-based intervention by surveying them before and 4 months after community-level training is held. Interviews will assess knowledge and attitudes related to FP and HIV services (PMTCT in particular), with particular focus on gender norms supporting constructive male involvement. Interviews will also examine clients' recollection of services and messages received in the health center, along with their direct and indirect exposure to the community-based men's workshops.
4. The effectiveness of the intervention components aimed at reinforcing the capacity of clinic-based providers to serve the family planning needs of HIV-positive individuals and to engage male partners constructively in FP decision making will be assessed in terms of its impact on C&T clients. Specifically, interviews with C&T clients will include questions about messages communicated by providers and service delivery practices reflecting successful implementation of the intervention components.
5. Finally, the study will examine the resource requirements for adding each the interventions (reinforcement of FP and male involvement) into C&T services. Based on costs of the piloted interventions, the study will arrive at an estimate of the cost of implementing these interventions at scale under the direction of the district management team.

Inclusion Criteria:

female participants

• attending pre-ART and ART services;
• non-pregnant women;
• age 18 to 45;
• sexually active with any type of partner within the past 3 months.

male participants

• attending pre-ART and ART services;
• age 18 to 60;
• sexually active within the past 3 months with partner, either co-habiting partner or steady, with partner aged 18 to 45 and is not pregnant.

Exclusion Criteria:

• For the post-intervention interviews, clients who initiated Care & Treatment services in one of the intervention facilities less than 3 months prior will be excluded given insufficient exposure to the intervention.
• Clients unable to speak Runyankole, the dominant language in the region, will also be excluded