We determined the effects of dietary intervention (replacement of refined rice with whole grains and legumes and a high intake of vegetables) on circulating Lp-PLA2 activity and enzyme activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Ninety-nine patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to either a control group (usual diet with refined rice) or the whole grain group.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Subjects who were in in impaired fasting glucose (IFG, 100≤ fasting glucose <126 mg/dL)
• or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL)

Exclusion Criteria:

• current and/or past history of cardiovascular disease including angina
• liver or kidney dysfunction
• thyroid or pituitary disease
• unstable weight loss/gain (≥2 kg) over the previous 12 months
• pregnancy or lactation
• taking medications or supplements