We terminated the study due to lack of funding

Currently, only three radiotracers, (2-[18F]FA, 6-[18F]FA and [18F]AZAN), are available for studying α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α4β2-nAChR) in human brain using PET imaging. A crucial problem for 2-[18F] FA, 6-[18F] FA and ([18F] AZAN is low binding potential (BP) in extrathalamic (ET) regions, including hippocampus, cortex and caudate which have lower receptor densities than the thalamus. The importance of imaging ET-α4β2-nAChRs (ET-nAChR) has emerged from the post-mortem demonstration of altered densities of ET-nAChRs (but not thalamic nAChR) in neurodegenerative diseases and schizophrenia. PET imaging of ET-nAChR may prove to be useful in both detecting early changes and following functional deterioration in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease. Furthermore, PET imaging of ET-nAChR may allow investigation and development of new therapies acting on the acetylcholine system.

The imaging drawbacks of the presently available nAChR radioligands have initiated the development of radioligands with greater binding potential by several research groups. The available pre-clinical data on the investigators' new radioligand [18F](-)-JHU86428 ([18F]XTRA) suggest that this radioligand is superior to 2-[18F]FA for quantitative PET imaging of α4β2-nAChR (Gao, J. Med. Chem, 2008). In baboon PET studies [18F]XTRA exhibits 200% greater brain uptake, 300% higher BPs and reaches steady-state in approximately 1.5 h in cortical regions post-bolus administration versus 6-8 h for 2-[18F]FA. In vitro binding assays shows greater binding affinity of XTRA and similar nAChR-subtype selectivity in comparison with 2-FA. Both ligands bind selectively with the β2-subtypes that are predominant nAChR subtypes in the mammal brain and display little binding affinity at ganglionic α3β4-nAChR.

The current planned human protocol will be conducted to (1) determine brain distribution (brain uptake) and test the reproducibility (in test-retest design) of [18F]XTRA brain PET scans for validation of the radioligand; (2) generate estimates of the whole body and internal organ radiation absorbed doses from exposure to single iv administrations of [18F]XTRA in healthy human subjects; and (3) determine brain distribution of [18F]XTRA in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Inclusion Criteria:

The population consists of healthy adults 18-85 years of age. There is no race or sex bias in our recruitment.

a. Inclusion criteria.

1. healthy volunteer, 18-80 years of age, and in portion 2, patient with Alzheimer's disease or patient with mild cognitive impairment (age 60-80 years)
2. screening laboratory tests will be obtained for subjects within a 10-day period prior to the PET study and the results must be within normal limits for gender and age. These tests will be repeated with a 10-day window following the PET study.
3. ECG conducted within a 10-day period prior to the PET study. The ECG will be repeated within 10 days following the study.
4. No contraindications to MRI scanning if MRI is to be obtained in the section for which the subject participates. These contraindications include pacemakers, metallic implants/prosthesis or prohibitive claustrophobia, etc.
5. No contraindications to PET scanning to include pregnancy, etc. For females of childbearing potential, negative serum pregnancy test obtained within a 10-day period prior to PET study
6. Subject agrees to return to the Hospital for f/u ECG and laboratory testing of blood and urine

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Participants with history of epilepsy, focal structural CNS abnormality such as stroke, or arteriovenous malformation
2. History of head injury with loss of consciousness > 1 hour,
3. Active substance abuse (drugs or alcohol) or active nicotine use
4. ECG demonstrating the participant is not in a sinus rhythm or is having acute ischemia
5. Any medical condition that in the opinion of the study investigators would constitute a safety risk to the subject.
6. Any radiation exposure in the past calendar year that in combination with the radiation exposure from this study would exceed 5 rem