Difficulties with patients recruitment, study acceptance and protocol implementation.

This innovative study will involve the use of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy, a new medical imaging technology never used for surgical indications to date. Virtual biopsies (pCLE images) will be compared to histopathology analysis.

This study focuses on the evaluation of rectal tumor margins. The hypothesis is that pCLE will allow identification of rectal tumor margin, comparable to that of histopathology. In the future, decision of resection margin could rely on intraoperative pCLE exam.

The proposed study is a feasibility study, first in the indication of rectal cancer.

Defining the limits of resection of rectal tumors is often imprecise. The identification of the banks of a tumor becomes critical when it comes to the decision to potentially sacrifice the sphincter during the surgical resection. Currently tumor margins are identified by direct examination by the surgeon, or using flexible endoscopy. Endoscopy and confocal microscopy could provide precise images of tumor enabling the reliable definition of resection margins.

There would be a direct benefit for the patient, whom sphincter could be preserved. pCLE (probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy) has already been widely used for colorectal lesions, and its value proposition has been demonstrated and validated in several studies. This study is the first using pCLE intraoperatively. Study results may lead the use of pCLE to validate surgical procedure decision (resection margin) and to a revision of patient management for colorectal cancer, by adapting neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy to the patient's responder status.

The goal is to identify tumor margin (lower pole) to optimize the resection margin, and to limit resection of healthy rectal tissue for optimal anal sphincter preservation. Moreover, determining the optimal date of surgery following neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in rectal cancer is being discussed and no consensus has been reached. Therefore, to date, there is no formal evaluation of tumor response. This is partly due to the lack of information on tumor state and tumor evolution over time, between the end of radiochemotherapy and surgery. Histological follow up of tumor would provide supporting information to fill this gap. However, frequent tumor biopsies are not possible. Alternatively, probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) could allow for a sequential analysis of tumor response. Response to treatment could be assessed and used to define optimal date of surgical resection, depending on patient responding status to treatment. Responding patients would undergo surgery at a later date than non-responders, in whom surgery could be performed earlier.

Benefits of the study lay in the more accurate definition of resection margins, with its associated potential therapeutic impact of the anal sphincter preservation and in the definition of the optimal date of rectal tumor resection, based on response status to radiochemotherapy.

Study interests are :

• Microscopic structure of tumor will be analyzed at the cellular and microvascular levels and compared to healthy mucosa.
• Evolution of response during and following radiochemotherapy will be assessed, and will help classify patients as responders/non responders.
• pCLE results will be compared to histopathology results on pre-treatment and resection biopsies.
• Images gathered through the imaging modalities (WLE, pCLE, EUS) along with histopathology results will be combined to create an atlas and database of rectal tumors.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patient, male or female over 18 years old

• Patient with rectal adenocarcinoma :

  • stage T1 or T2, N0 (one single evaluation, during resection)
  • stage N+ or T3 (pre- and post-radiochemotherapy evaluations)

• Absence of contra-indication to rectoscopy conduct

• Patient able to understand the study and to provide written informed consent

• Patient registered with the French social security regime

Non-inclusion criteria:

• Absence of written informed consent
• Patient with known or suspected allergy to fluorescein
• Patient with history of reaction jeopardizing the vital prognosis during angiography
• Patient with history of multiple or serious allergic reaction to drugs
• Patient presenting, in the investigator's judgment, a condition or disease preventing their participation to study procedures
• Patient pregnant or breast-feeding
• Patient within exclusion period from other clinical trial
• Patient having forfeited their freedom of an administrative or legal obligation
• Patient being under guardianship