Accuracy of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Nodal Staging of High Risk Endometrial Cancer

Accuracy of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Nodal Staging of High Risk Endometrial Cancer: A Prospective Trial

The standard of care for women with high risk endometrial cancer is the removal of all visible lymph nodes in the pelvis and lower abdomen to identify if disease has spread to these areas. It is estimated that no more than 25% of all women with presumed early stage high risk endometrial cancer will have positive lymph nodes however currently the majority of women are subjected to extensive resection of all pelvic lymph and or para-aortic lymph nodes and its associated morbidities. The objective of this study is to determine if intraoperative sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping will improve the assessment of regional lymph nodes and enhance the detection of lymph nodes with metastatic disease in endometrial cancer. This would benefit the majority of women with early stage high risk endometrial cancer and would prevent the associated complications of pelvic lymph node dissection.

If the SLN can be accurately identified and the detection of metastatic lymph nodes in women with early stage high risk endometrial cancer can be improved then the majority of women could avoid a complete systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy. Pelvic lymphadenectomy is associated with many intraoperative and postoperative complications such as hemorrhage, lymphocyst formation, nerve injury and chronic lower extremity lymphedema. If less invasive techniques to assess regional lymph node involvement, such as SLN mapping, replaced routine pelvic lymphadenectomy the complications associated with more extensive pelvic surgery could be avoided.

This will be a prospective cohort study. The population to be studied will be patients with newly diagnosed early stage high risk endometrial cancer who will undergo primary surgical intervention that includes hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic and inframesenteric para-aortic lymphadenectomy via laparotomy, laparoscopy or robotic-assisted. Patients will be taken to the operating room for their planned procedure. After initiation of general anesthesia, fluorescent dye (indocyanine green, ICG) will be injected into the patient's cervix. The dye will be visualized by excitation with an infrared light (an attachment on the Novadaq Pinpoint system for laparoscopy). The surgery will proceed and all lymph nodes that are "green" will be removed surgically and their anatomic location and laterality documented. These "green" sentinel nodes will be assessed by a study pathologist by frozen section and the result read out intraoperatively. The hysterectomy and complete lymphadenectomy will then be performed. The SLN status will be compared to the status of the other nodes removed at complete lymphadenectomy. All data on these patients will be prospectively collected.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Women with endometrial cancer with high risk histologic subtypes including grade 3 endometrioid, carcinosarcoma, serous, clear cell, undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, and and any mixed high risk histology.
• Clinical stage 1 disease- no evidence of metastatic disease beyond the uterus by physical exam or preoperative imaging if performed.
• Patients who have signed an approved informed consent.
• Patients who will undergo surgery that includes a hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic and inframesenteric para-aortic lymphadenectomy via laparoscopy or robotic-assisted.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Women with grade 1 or 2 endometrioid adenocarcinoma
• Patients with evidence of metastatic disease on preoperative imaging.
• Patients with evidence of intraperitoneal metastatic disease intraoperatively (patients with suspicious retroperitoneal lymph nodes intraoperatively will still be included).
• Patients with known allergy to iodine compounds
• Pregnant patient.
• Patients with previous retroperitoneal surgery.
• Patients with previous history of pelvic/abdominal radiation.
• Patients with recurrent endometrial cancer.
• Any patient treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation.