Study of Opioid Immunosuppressive Effects

This trial aims to investigate the effects of opioid-inducing immune suppression on opioid drug abused patients. The methods of the investigators research mainly includes the expression of morphine-related miRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cytokine in plasma.

Inclusion Criteria:

• subjects were excluded if they had a chronic systemic illness (cardiac, renal, pulmonary, hepatic, endocrine, metabolic, or autoimmune disorders) or
• a major psychiatric disorder or
• if they were abusing substances other than heroin (as determined by urine drug test result). For women, pregnancy was also a reason for exclusion.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Control subjects with no history of drug or alcohol abuse were also excluded if they had
• major medical or psychiatric disorders