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Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common dementing disorder of later life, is a major cause of disability and death in the elderly. Although a number of theoretical causes exist, the etiology of AD is still unknown. Consequently, the focus of treatments has been palliative, designed to ameliorate AD symptoms. Recent efforts, however, have revealed some surprising data suggesting that cholinesterase inhibitors (AchEIs), used over the last decade, and recently released memantine (an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist), may confer protection to neurons. Thus, they may offer a slowing of cognitive decline and/or improvement in behavioral symptoms associated with memory impairment.
Over the last decade, it has been well documented that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) increases the risk of conversion to AD and that coincident depression and MCI (Dep-MCI) further increases the risk 2 to 3 fold. The primary focus of this line of investigation is to treat the very high risk to dement patient population with Dep-MCI, before they develop AD, in the hopes of delaying AD onset.
Memantine had not been studied in DEP-MCI patients. Since treatment of these patients with combined antidepressant and AChEIs has been associated with cognitive improvement in pilot studies, we explore whether treatment of DEP-MCI with memantine in addition to antidepressant treatment would benefit cognitive performance and lead to a low rate of conversion to dementia. We evaluate the cognitive and antidepressant benefit of combined open-label es-citalopram and memantine treatment over 48 weeks in a DEP-CI sample.
The study is conducted in a sample of 35 elderly (50-90 years old) outpatients who meet study inclusion criteria for depression (DEP) (DSM-IV criteria for major depression, dysthymic disorder, or depression NOS) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI; e.g. operationally defined as between "normal" and "dementia"), i.e., Dep-MCI. The research plan includes: i) Obtaining a baseline psychiatric and neuropsychological test profile, ii) If currently on an ineffective antidepressant, having a one week washout (3 weeks for fluoxetine), iii) A treatment trial beginning with a two-week es-citalopram lead-in period. At two weeks, memantine (Namenda) is added starting at 5 mg/day and increased until the maximum dose of 20 mg/day is reached by six weeks. The study psychiatrist administers: the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D); the Clinical Global Impression (CGI, 1-7 scale) initial severity and subsequent change ratings separately for depression, cognition, and overall clinical status; the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) for somatic side effects. A trained technician administers the neuropsychological battery at baseline, 12, 24 and 48 weeks. If the patient is an antidepressant non-responder during the first 12-weeks, the es-citalopram is changed to an alternative antidepressant, as clinically indicated by the treating psychiatrist. The patient remains on the memantine for the entire 48-weeks, irrespective of antidepressant response.
This will tell us about the efficacy and tolerability of es-citalopram+memantine on both cognitive and depressive symptoms in Dep-MCI patients and will potentially have broader public health implications because Dep-MCI is a wide-spread clinical problem where management needs to be improved.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | Experimental | concurrent es-citalopram plus memantine were administered for 48 weeks. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| es-citalopram | Drug | es-citalopram 10mg/day will be given for the first week, and 20mg/day starting at week 2. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Selective Reminding Test - Total Immediate Recall (SRT-IR) | Change in Selective Reminding Test-Total Immediate Recall (SRT-IR) scores from baseline to Week 48: Measures word recall (maximum 12 words per trial, across 6 trials). Maximum total recall score across 6 trials is 72; minimum recall is 0 across 6 trials. The higher the raw score, the better the patient did at recalling the target words. The unit of measure is the raw score, or the sum of the number of words recalled across all 6 trials. | baseline, 48 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) | Change in Wechsler Memory Scale-III scores from baseline to Week 48: The WMS-III Visual Reproduction sub-test was used to measure visual working memory and delayed memory. Patients were shown pictures of four drawings and were asked to reproduce them from memory immediately after seeing them, and 25 minutes after seeing them. The four scores are summed and the greater the total raw score, the better the patient did on the assessment. The maximum raw score for this test is a 41 on both the immediate and delayed portions (the overall range is 0-82 points). The change score is calculated using the total scores of both the immediate and delayed portions. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in 24-item HAMD | Change in 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) scores from baseline to Week 48: HAMD measures depression severity based on a series of 24 items items. The range of HAMD total score is 0-74; 0 indicates no depressive symptoms and a maximum HAMD score is a 74, where the greater the score indicates more significant psychopathology. In this study, moderate to severe depression is considered a HAMD-24 greater than 14. |
Inclusion Criteria:
Of either sex, age greater than 49 years old
Meets criteria for both "depression" and "cognitive impairment".
Study Criteria for "depression":
i. Patients who meet DSM-IV criteria for Major Depression, Dysthymic Disorder, or Dysthymia symptoms criteria of minimum 6 month duration (not the 2 year DSM-IV criteria). ii. 24-item HAM-D greater than 13; and iii. Clinical Global Impression (CGI) for severity of Depression greater than 2 (absolute score at least mild to moderate depression on a 7-point scale)
Study Criteria for "cognitive deficit":
i. Subjective memory complaint ii.Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) greater than 24; and at least one of a, b, or c:
Neuropsychological tests for inclusion criteria (subset of larger battery):
Selective Reminding Test with delay Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS): Visual Reproduction - with delay, % savings from immed to delay Controlled Oral Word Association Test Trails B Digit symbol subtest of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-III Continuous Performance Test iii. CGI for severity of Cognitive deficit greater than 2 (absolute score on a 7-point scale:1=no deficit to 7=severe deficit). iv. Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) = 0 or 0.5
Willing and capable of giving informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
Meets Criteria for dementia (DSM-IV) or probable Alzheimer's disease by National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria (NINCDS-ADRDA criteria)
Meets criteria for:
Suicidal attempt in last 6 months or current suicidal intent.
Patients currently on an effective antidepressant medication
Use of cholinesterase inhibitors in the last year.
Neurological disease including stroke, epilepsy, or other neurodegenerative disorders.
An acute, severe or unstable medical condition such as metastatic or active cancer, hepatic disease, or primary renal disease requiring dialysis.
Patients who can not tolerate being tapered off antidepressant medication (i.e. greater than a 25% incr. in baseline HAM-D) or has a history indicating patient is unlikely to tolerate psychotropic washout.
Patient with a history of non-response to Citalopram or es-citalopram
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Gregory Pelton, M.D. | New York State Psychiatric Institute | Principal Investigator |
| Davangere Devanand, M.D. | New York State Psychiatric Institute | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York State Psychiatric Institute | New York | New York | 10032 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8105707 | Background | Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, Mattis S, Kakuma T. The course of geriatric depression with "reversible dementia": a controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Nov;150(11):1693-9. doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.11.1693. | |
| 18580597 | Background | Atri A, Shaughnessy LW, Locascio JJ, Growdon JH. Long-term course and effectiveness of combination therapy in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2008 Jul-Sep;22(3):209-21. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e31816653bc. |
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Any patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia, psychoses, bipolar disorder, or alcohol/substance dependence (within the last 6 months) were excluded from participating in the study. Patients already on an effective anti-depressant, non-responders to citalopram/es-citalopram, and those on cholinesterase inhibitors/memantine were also excluded.
35 depressed and cognitively impaired patients were recruited from the Late Life Depression and Memory Disorders Clinic at Columbia University Medical Center.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | This group received concurrent es-citalopram plus memantine treatment for 48 weeks. Patients ranged in age from 50-90 years old. Es-citalopram treatment began at 10mg per day for two weeks and was increased to 20mg per day for the 48 week duration. If a patient had an inadequate response to the antidepressant on two consecutive visits, the study physician used an alternative. At two weeks into the study, the patients were started on memantine 5mg, and the maximum dose of 20mg was reached by the six week point. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | concurrent es-citalopram plus memantine were administered for 48 weeks. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Selective Reminding Test - Total Immediate Recall (SRT-IR) | Change in Selective Reminding Test-Total Immediate Recall (SRT-IR) scores from baseline to Week 48: Measures word recall (maximum 12 words per trial, across 6 trials). Maximum total recall score across 6 trials is 72; minimum recall is 0 across 6 trials. The higher the raw score, the better the patient did at recalling the target words. The unit of measure is the raw score, or the sum of the number of words recalled across all 6 trials. | Analysis was intent to treat. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | baseline, 48 weeks |
|
From initiation of study until one month after study completion- a total of 13 months.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | concurrent es-citalopram plus memantine were administered for 48 weeks. |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Syncopal Episode | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Headache | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Gregory Pelton, MD | Columbia Psychiatry | (646) 774-8669 | ghp4@columbia.edu |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D060825 | Cognitive Dysfunction |
| D003865 | Depressive Disorder, Major |
| D000544 | Alzheimer Disease |
| D003863 | Depression |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003072 | Cognition Disorders |
| D019965 | Neurocognitive Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D003866 | Depressive Disorder |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000089983 | Escitalopram |
| D008559 | Memantine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011437 | Propylamines |
| D000588 | Amines |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D009570 | Nitriles |
| D001572 |
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| Memantine | Drug | After two weeks on Lexapro, Memantine 5mg will be added. The dose will increase to 10mg for the second week and will be increased at a rate of 5mg per week. Memantine dosage will not exceed 20mg. |
|
|
| Baseline, Week 48 |
| Change in Selective Reminding Test - Delayed Recall (SRT-DR) | Change in Selective Reminding Test-Delayed Recall scores from baseline to Week 48: SRT Delay is administered 15 minutes after the immediate recall portion. Patients are asked to remember as many of the words as they can from the 6 trials. Maximum raw score is a 12 for free recall. If a patient is unable to recall a word, they are given a chance to recognize it among three incorrect word choices. Maximum raw score for recognition is 12. The greater the score on the delayed recall portion, the better the patient does on the assessment. | Baseline, Week 48 |
| Change in Trails B | Change from baseline to Week 48 on Trails B: Measures attention and executive function. It asks patients to connect numbers and letters in numerical to alphabetical order from (1-13 and A-L) as fast as they can. Patients are timed; the longer it takes for the patient to connect the numbers and letters, the worse their score. Unit of measure is in seconds. The amount of errors that the patient makes during trails is also recorded. | Baseline, Week 48 |
| Change in Trails A | Change in Trails A scores from baseline to Week 48: Measures attention and executive function. It asks patients to connect numbers from 1-25 in numerical order as fast as they can. Patients are timed; the longer it takes for the patient to connect the numbers, the worse their score. Unit of measure is in seconds. The amount of errors that the patient makes during trails is also recorded. | Baseline, Week 48 |
| Baseline, Week 48 |
| Change in Treatment Emergent Side Effects (TESS) | Somatic side effect rating scale which includes 26 common somatic side effects associated with previous medication clinical trials; rated by the study physician. Factors were dichotomized to "yes" or "no" responses on this scale, which equated to the symptom being either present or not present. "Yes" and "no" responses were given a value of 0 (no) or 1 (yes). Responses from the entire group were calculated and the mean at baseline and the last visit is reported below. | Baseline, Week 48 |
| Change in Clinical Global Impression - Depression Change | The CGI Depression Change follows a seven-point likert scale. Compared to the patient's condition at baseline in the study [prior to medication initiation], the patient's condition is rated as: 1=very much improved since the initiation of treatment; 2=much improved; 3=minimally improved; 4=no change from baseline (the initiation of treatment); 5=minimally worse; 6= much worse; 7=very much worse since the initiation of treatment. Responses were calculated for the entire group. Mean at final visit has been reported below. Higher mean at baseline indicates a decrease in depression scores. | Baseline, Week 48 |
| Change in Clinical Global Impression - Cognitive Change | The CGI Cognitive Change follows a seven-point likert scale. Compared to the patient's condition at baseline in the study [prior to medication initiation], the patient's condition is rated as: 1=very much improved since the initiation of treatment; 2=much improved; 3=minimally improved; 4=no change from baseline (the initiation of treatment); 5=minimally worse; 6= much worse; 7=very much worse since the initiation of treatment. Responses from the entire group were calculated. Mean at final visit and baseline is reported below. | Baseline, Week 48 |
| Conversion to Dementia Using Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) | The CDR is a numeric rating scale that is used to quantify the severity of one's cognitive function. The scale goes from 0=normal; 0.5=mild cognitive impairment; 1 to 3=mild to moderate/severe dementia. CDR was used a dichotomous outcome measure (no=0; yes=1). | Baseline, Week 48 |
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| 21199965 | Background | Reynolds CF 3rd, Butters MA, Lopez O, Pollock BG, Dew MA, Mulsant BH, Lenze EJ, Holm M, Rogers JC, Mazumdar S, Houck PR, Begley A, Anderson S, Karp JF, Miller MD, Whyte EM, Stack J, Gildengers A, Szanto K, Bensasi S, Kaufer DI, Kamboh MI, DeKosky ST. Maintenance treatment of depression in old age: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the efficacy and safety of donepezil combined with antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;68(1):51-60. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.184. |
| 11148233 | Background | Ritchie K, Artero S, Touchon J. Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: a population-based validation study. Neurology. 2001 Jan 9;56(1):37-42. doi: 10.1212/wnl.56.1.37. |
| 22934752 | Background | Sachs-Ericsson N, Corsentino E, Moxley J, Hames JL, Rushing NC, Sawyer K, Joiner T, Selby EA, Zarit S, Gotlib IH, Steffens DC. A longitudinal study of differences in late- and early-onset geriatric depression: depressive symptoms and psychosocial, cognitive, and neurological functioning. Aging Ment Health. 2013;17(1):1-11. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2012.717253. Epub 2012 Aug 30. |
| 15326237 | Background | Salloway S, Ferris S, Kluger A, Goldman R, Griesing T, Kumar D, Richardson S; Donepezil 401 Study Group. Efficacy of donepezil in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2004 Aug 24;63(4):651-7. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000134664.80320.92. |
| 17588275 | Background | Steffens DC, Potter GG. Geriatric depression and cognitive impairment. Psychol Med. 2008 Feb;38(2):163-75. doi: 10.1017/S003329170700102X. Epub 2007 Jun 22. |
| 12177369 | Background | Wilson RS, Barnes LL, Mendes de Leon CF, Aggarwal NT, Schneider JS, Bach J, Pilat J, Beckett LA, Arnold SE, Evans DA, Bennett DA. Depressive symptoms, cognitive decline, and risk of AD in older persons. Neurology. 2002 Aug 13;59(3):364-70. doi: 10.1212/wnl.59.3.364. |
| 18322263 | Background | Winblad B, Gauthier S, Scinto L, Feldman H, Wilcock GK, Truyen L, Mayorga AJ, Wang D, Brashear HR, Nye JS; GAL-INT-11/18 Study Group. Safety and efficacy of galantamine in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2008 May 27;70(22):2024-35. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000303815.69777.26. Epub 2008 Mar 5. |
| 16390905 | Background | Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Quiroz JA, De Jesus G, Denicoff KK, Luckenbaugh DA, Manji HK, Charney DS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of memantine in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):153-5. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.153. |
| 26559790 | Derived | Pelton GH, Harper OL, Roose SP, Marder K, D'Antonio K, Devanand DP. Combined treatment with memantine/es-citalopram for older depressed patients with cognitive impairment: a pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;31(6):648-55. doi: 10.1002/gps.4375. Epub 2015 Nov 11. |
| Participants |
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| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Secondary | Change in Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) | Change in Wechsler Memory Scale-III scores from baseline to Week 48: The WMS-III Visual Reproduction sub-test was used to measure visual working memory and delayed memory. Patients were shown pictures of four drawings and were asked to reproduce them from memory immediately after seeing them, and 25 minutes after seeing them. The four scores are summed and the greater the total raw score, the better the patient did on the assessment. The maximum raw score for this test is a 41 on both the immediate and delayed portions (the overall range is 0-82 points). The change score is calculated using the total scores of both the immediate and delayed portions. | Analysis was intent to treat. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline, Week 48 |
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| Secondary | Change in Selective Reminding Test - Delayed Recall (SRT-DR) | Change in Selective Reminding Test-Delayed Recall scores from baseline to Week 48: SRT Delay is administered 15 minutes after the immediate recall portion. Patients are asked to remember as many of the words as they can from the 6 trials. Maximum raw score is a 12 for free recall. If a patient is unable to recall a word, they are given a chance to recognize it among three incorrect word choices. Maximum raw score for recognition is 12. The greater the score on the delayed recall portion, the better the patient does on the assessment. | Analysis was intent to treat. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline, Week 48 |
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| Secondary | Change in Trails B | Change from baseline to Week 48 on Trails B: Measures attention and executive function. It asks patients to connect numbers and letters in numerical to alphabetical order from (1-13 and A-L) as fast as they can. Patients are timed; the longer it takes for the patient to connect the numbers and letters, the worse their score. Unit of measure is in seconds. The amount of errors that the patient makes during trails is also recorded. | Analysis was intent to treat. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | seconds | Baseline, Week 48 |
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| Secondary | Change in Trails A | Change in Trails A scores from baseline to Week 48: Measures attention and executive function. It asks patients to connect numbers from 1-25 in numerical order as fast as they can. Patients are timed; the longer it takes for the patient to connect the numbers, the worse their score. Unit of measure is in seconds. The amount of errors that the patient makes during trails is also recorded. | Analysis was intent to treat. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | seconds | Baseline, Week 48 |
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| Other Pre-specified | Change in 24-item HAMD | Change in 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) scores from baseline to Week 48: HAMD measures depression severity based on a series of 24 items items. The range of HAMD total score is 0-74; 0 indicates no depressive symptoms and a maximum HAMD score is a 74, where the greater the score indicates more significant psychopathology. In this study, moderate to severe depression is considered a HAMD-24 greater than 14. | Analysis was intent to treat. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | scores on a scale | Baseline, Week 48 |
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| Other Pre-specified | Change in Treatment Emergent Side Effects (TESS) | Somatic side effect rating scale which includes 26 common somatic side effects associated with previous medication clinical trials; rated by the study physician. Factors were dichotomized to "yes" or "no" responses on this scale, which equated to the symptom being either present or not present. "Yes" and "no" responses were given a value of 0 (no) or 1 (yes). Responses from the entire group were calculated and the mean at baseline and the last visit is reported below. | Analysis was intent to treat. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline, Week 48 |
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| Other Pre-specified | Change in Clinical Global Impression - Depression Change | The CGI Depression Change follows a seven-point likert scale. Compared to the patient's condition at baseline in the study [prior to medication initiation], the patient's condition is rated as: 1=very much improved since the initiation of treatment; 2=much improved; 3=minimally improved; 4=no change from baseline (the initiation of treatment); 5=minimally worse; 6= much worse; 7=very much worse since the initiation of treatment. Responses were calculated for the entire group. Mean at final visit has been reported below. Higher mean at baseline indicates a decrease in depression scores. | Analysis was intent to treat; ANOVA repeated measures. All values of data collected were included, except for those who exited the study early. In these cases, their last observation was carried forward (LOC). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline, Week 48 |
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| Other Pre-specified | Change in Clinical Global Impression - Cognitive Change | The CGI Cognitive Change follows a seven-point likert scale. Compared to the patient's condition at baseline in the study [prior to medication initiation], the patient's condition is rated as: 1=very much improved since the initiation of treatment; 2=much improved; 3=minimally improved; 4=no change from baseline (the initiation of treatment); 5=minimally worse; 6= much worse; 7=very much worse since the initiation of treatment. Responses from the entire group were calculated. Mean at final visit and baseline is reported below. | Analysis was intent to treat; ANOVA repeated measures. All values of data collected were included, except for those who exited the study early. In these cases, their last observation was carried forward (LOC). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Baseline, Week 48 |
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| Other Pre-specified | Conversion to Dementia Using Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) | The CDR is a numeric rating scale that is used to quantify the severity of one's cognitive function. The scale goes from 0=normal; 0.5=mild cognitive impairment; 1 to 3=mild to moderate/severe dementia. CDR was used a dichotomous outcome measure (no=0; yes=1). | Analysis was intent to treat; ANOVA repeated measures. All values of data collected were included, except for those who exited the study early. In these cases, their last observation was carried forward (LOC). | Posted | Number | participants | Baseline, Week 48 |
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| 2 |
| 35 |
| 4 |
| 35 |
| Dizziness | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Sedation | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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| Nausea | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
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Not provided
Not provided
| D019964 |
| Mood Disorders |
| D003704 | Dementia |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D024801 | Tauopathies |
| D019636 | Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| Benzofurans |
| D006574 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D000547 | Amantadine |
| D000218 | Adamantane |
| D001952 | Bridged-Ring Compounds |
| D006844 | Hydrocarbons, Cyclic |
| D006838 | Hydrocarbons |