The overall aim of this study is two fold:

1. to pilot targeted chemo-elimination of plasmodium falciparum malaria in known areas of artemisinin resistance in South East Asia.
2. to understand the micro-epidemiology of malaria in these areas; chiefly, the prevalence and importance to on-going transmission of sub-clinical p.f malaria infections.

The spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, which compromises the therapeutic efficacy of artemisinin combination treatments (ACTs), is the greatest threat to current global initiatives to control and eliminate malaria and is considered the highest priority of the WHO Global Malaria Programme. If not eliminated, resistant parasites could spread across Asia to Africa, as happened with resistance to other antimalarials in the past.

Conventional descriptions of the epidemiology of malaria in low transmission settings suggest that malaria prevalences are low (<10%) and heterogeneous. Most or all infections are thought to be symptomatic so the focus of malaria control activities is on the identification and treatment of symptomatic individuals. We and others have shown recently that artemisinin resistant P. falciparum is prevalent in Western Cambodia, and that it is now also found along the Thailand-Myanmar border and Vietnam. We have recently developed highly sensitive quantitative PCR (uPCR) methods for parasite detection using >1mL of blood which are 5,000 times more sensitive than conventional microscopy, and 100 times more sensitive than currently used PCR.

We have studied villages along the Thai-Myanmar border which are typical for the region and are classified by conventional epidemiological techniques as low-transmission (5-20% malaria prevalence). Our studies suggest that the majority of the population is infected. In Pailin, Western Cambodia, in areas where the National Malaria Control Programme and WHO believe that malaria has been all but eliminated, we have also found very high rates (>80%) of sub-microscopic parasitaemia in patients with fever or history of fever who are RDT negative. Thus, there is a lot more asymptomatic malaria in low transmission settings than previously thought, suggesting that control and elimination activities need to be rethought.

Highly sensitive quantitative PCR (uPCR) requires a venous blood sample, a laboratory which can perform vacuum DNA extraction, and on average four weeks for processing. A rapid highly sensitive diagnostic test which can be performed at the point of care would be a technological breakthrough. Screening with highly sensitive RDTs and treating of asymptomatic carriers will have a range of public health applications. Such tests are becoming available in 2017 and will be evaluated side by side with uPCR.

This study is designed to conduct and evaluate the efficacy of pilot implementation of targeted chemo-elimination in selected areas with the goal of eliminating malaria in these regions. This differs from mass drug administration (MDA); it is a strategy used to identify specific areas where mass treatment is necessary, in this case to eliminate all malaria parasites. Elimination will be targeted at communities with significant levels of subclinical infection and transmission which will be identifiable in the future by comparing rates of positivity by RDT or microscopy from new population samples against our qPCR data, which shows the true falciparum prevalence.

The study will assess the feasibility, safety and acceptability of this strategy and its impact on the transmission of malaria and the progression of artemisinin resistance. In addition it will evaluate the contribution of low parasitaemia carriage to transmission of artemisinin resistant malaria. These pilot studies are a necessary prelude to future scale up and policy implementation.

Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) is a highly efficacious and inexpensive ACT which is well tolerated by all age groups when used to treat uncomplicated multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria in South East Asia. Monthly DP treatments have proved highly effective and well tolerated. When used as part of a MDA strategy, the addition of a gametocytocidal drug contributes towards the goal of malaria elimination by adding a strong transmission blocking activity to the regimen. Primaquine (PQ), the only currently licensed 8-aminoquinoline, is relatively safe and very effective when used at a dose of 0.25 mg base/kg, and does not require G6PD screening. Thus, we propose to evaluate the potential of this strategy to eliminatie malaria focally in areas where artemisinin resistance in P. falciparum is prevalent using DP plus PQ.

OxTREC reference: 1017-13

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥6 months, male or female,
• Written informed consent (by parent/guardian in case of children)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant women will not receive primaquine (urine pregnancy tests will be performed on women of appropriate age groups before drug administration at each TCE round)
• History of allergy or known contraindication to artemisinins, piperaquine or PQ
• Those who are, in the opinion of the study clinician, ill at the time of drug administration

OxTREC reference: 1015-13

Inclusion Criteria

• Age ≥6 months, male or female,
• Written informed consent (by legally acceptable representative in case of children)
• Healthy at the time of the survey or drug administration
• Not pregnant

Exclusion Criteria

• Significant non-compliance with study requirements
• Loss to follow up
• Suspected severe adverse events
• Severe illness

OxTREC reference: 23-15

Part 1. qPCR survey for identification of potential TMT villages;

Inclusion criteria:

• Males and females 18 and above
• Written informed consent

Exclusion criteria:

• Pregnant women in their first trimester
• Presence of any acute severe illness at the time of survey

Part 2. TMT villages will be given directly observed therapy (DOT) with DP for 3 days and PQ (0.25 mg/kg) will be given on day 1

Inclusion criteria for TMT

• Age ≥one year, male and female,
• Willing to provide consent for those 18 years and above. For children 10-18 years old, parents/guardians must provide consent, and the children must provide assent. For children below 10 years old, the parents/guardians must provide consent.

Exclusion criteria for TMT

• History of allergy or known contraindication to artemisinins, piperaquine or PQ.
• Refusal of treatment.
• Pregnant women in their 1st trimester.