The aim of the proposed study is to investigate whether women treated for breast cancer who experience cognitive difficulties will profit from the Internet-based program Scientific Brain Training Pro with respect to: 1) attention, working memory, learning and recall, and executive function as assessed by standardized neuropsychological tests and 2,) self-reported cognitive difficulties in daily life as measured by questionnaires.

Studies within the last decade indicate that many cancer patients and survivors experience cognitive deficits such as impaired memory and concentration after diagnosis and treatment.

The cognitive deficits are seen as a complication of cancer treatment and have generally been attributed to chemotherapy, hence the term "chemo brain". However, more recent research indicates that chemotherapy is probably not the only cause of cognitive deficits as several cancer patients (23-33%) have impaired cognitive functions even before therapy is initiated, and other findings suggest that former cancer patients have lower levels of cognitive functioning regardless of treatment status.

The cognitive profile of cancer patients indicates involvement of frontal-subcortical dysfunction affecting processing speed, attention, working memory, learning and recall, and executive function. Cancer patients often report that their cognitive capacity in daily life has deteriorated. In qualitative interviews, women with breast cancer describe that they experience memory problems at work, whilst women on sick leave worry that their cognitive impairment will be an issue when they return to work. Among former breast cancer patients, it has been reported that perceived cognitive limitations were associated with reduced work capacity.

Cognitive rehabilitation of former cancer patients is an important concern, since even mild cognitive dysfunction may have significant impact on their return to and welfare at work and other aspects of everyday living. Although several cancer patients express an interest in interventions aimed at alleviating their perceived cognitive deficits, only two studies so far have assessed the effect of cognitive intervention in former cancer patients. Ferguson and colleagues devised a cognitive training program focusing on relaxation techniques and compensatory strategies in order to improve everyday skills. The program consisted of four individual consultations with a total of three phone consultations in between. The program was tested in a non-randomized design with 29 breast cancer patients who had completed chemotherapy at least 3 years earlier. They found improvement in tests of attention, memory and executive function, and participants experienced improvement in daily cognitive functioning.

In a randomized controlled design, Poppelreuter and colleagues tested two interventions for improving attention and memory in a group of breast cancer patients. Both interventions consisted of four one-hour sessions per week. On average, there were 11.5 sessions per patient. The two interventions included groups of max 8 participants led by occupational therapists with memory and attention training in relation to activities of daily living (n = 33) and a group undergoing individual computer-based training of attention and memory under therapeutic supervision and subsequent coaching (n = 34). The study found general improvement in neuropsychological test scores and self-reported reduction of cognitive impairment in both intervention groups and the control group.

Due to the limited results so far, it remains unclear to what extent interventions have an effect on the cognitive deficits experienced by cancer patients and who will benefit from cognitive intervention. Recent research has shown that specific computerized brain training programs can improve cognitive functions such as working memory in individuals with congenital or contracted cognitive impairment with a measurable increase in brain activity. Given the widespread experience of impaired cognitive function among former cancer patients and the negative consequences that these problems could have on their working capacity and quality of life, it is highly relevant to examine whether similar computerized training programs can help former cancer patients. As this is likely to be a cost-effective method in relation to time, effort and costs, the perspectives in relation to implementation and dissemination are promising.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study is to investigate whether women treated for breast cancer who experience cognitive difficulties will profit from the Internet-based program Scientific Brain Training Pro with respect to: 1) attention, working memory, learning and recall, and executive function as assessed by standardized neuropsychological tests and 2,) self-reported cognitive difficulties in daily life as measured by questionnaires.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Previously treated for breast cancer
• self-reported cognitive deficits
• are found to be disease free
• are required to have access to the Internet.

Exclusion Criteria:

• head trauma with loss of consciousness
• neurological disease
• severe physical or psychological disease
• alcoholism or drug abuse,
• Danish as a second-language (i.e. are not born and raised in Denmark)
• recurrence of breast cancer
• a second cancer