Difficulty with recruitment/funding

A randomized sham controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of the use of custom foot orthotics in veterans suffering from chronic lower back pain. The current study hypothesizes that those veterans with chronic lower back pain who receive the custom foot orthotics will show greater improvements in pain and disability associated with the chronic lower back pain than those who receive the sham orthotic.

Specific Aim 1: Utilizing a gold standard sham controlled randomized trial design, we will evaluate the change in pain, back related disability and quality of life in Veterans with chronic lower back pain who utilize either a custom foot orthotic or a sham orthotic.

As part of this aim the investigators will build on the teams strength of recruiting and enrolling Veteran's with chronic lower back pain into a randomized trial. The investigators will collect baseline pain and disability measures utilizing validated tools. Once the patients are enrolled, utilizing the "gold standard" placebo controlled design the investigators will randomize patients to receive either a custom foot orthotic or a sham orthotic. The Veterans will then be assessed at 5, 12 and 24-weeks post baseline to evaluate differences in pain and disability. Based on previous studies on the effectiveness of custom foot orthotics the investigators hypothesize that that Veteran's who receive the custom orthotic will experience less pain and disability as compared to those who receive the sham orthotics.

Specific Aim 2: To evaluate baseline characteristics of Veterans with chronic lower back pain predictive of responsiveness to custom foot orthotics including age, BMI, psychosocial characteristics and arch classification.

Focusing on the Veterans who receive the custom foot orthotic, the investigators next examine the important characteristics that may predict those Veterans who are most likely to benefit from wearing custom foot orthotics. Assessing potential confounders or facilitators of effectiveness of the custom foot orthotic will allow the investigators to best describe potential mechanisms of responsiveness. The investigators have chosen previously described confounders to responsiveness to treatment of chronic lower back pain, specifically age, body mass index and psychosocial characteristics. This methodology is particularly important in a sham controlled trial to assess if effectiveness or lack of thereof, is a factor of the intervention or from other confounding variables. The investigators have also chosen to evaluate the arch classification based on the measurement of the Veterans arch; again this allows for specific recommendations concerning use of this product. Based on previous studies on the effectiveness of custom foot orthotics in addition to previous studies evaluating chronic lower back pain the investigators hypothesize that those Veterans who are older, have a higher BMI and greater fear avoidance belief scores will show less responsiveness to the custom foot orthotics as compared to those younger Veterans who have a lower BMI and lower fear avoidance belief scores. In addition based on previous biomechanical literature, the investigators feel that those Veterans with a lower arch will show the greatest responsiveness to the custom foot orthotic.

INCLUSION:

Ages 18-65 Lower back pain ≥ 3 months in duration Pain elicited upon deep palpation of the lumbar erector spinae musculature Primary complaint of CLBP from L1 to Sacroiliac joint inclusive. Ability/willingness to use orthotics in their shoes Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRPS) of ≥ 3

• 30 mm on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
• 20% for the Modified Oswestry Disability Index (mODI)

EXCLUSION:

spinal surgery, spinal injections or injections in their feet within the past 6 months Inability to use orthotics in shoes Custom foot orthotics within the past 12 months Currently undergoing Chiropractic, Physical Therapy or Acupuncture treatment for their chronic lower back pain.

evidence of cauda equina syndrome, spinal neoplasia or metastatic disease, destructive joint pathology such as rheumatoid arthritis bowel/bladder dysfunction (associated with the back pain) peripheral neuropathy or progressive lumbosacral radiculopathy, progressive myelopathy or neurogenic claudication.

open workers compensation or no fault case.

6 months

The definitions are consistent with the clinicaltrials.gov definition for adverse, serious adverse event and all cause mortality. In this case there were no deaths in the study and there were no serious adverse events that were determined to be associated with the interventions, therefore this is why the all cause mortality was 0.

Due to low power secondary to issues with subject recruitment, the findings of this study were inconclusive.