The purpose of this study is: (1) to establish assessment techniques (in our laboratory) to identify the functional integrity of long spinal tracts associated with adaptive walking recovery post-spinal cord injury and (2) to preliminary investigate locomotor outcomes associated with an adaptive locomotor training approach post-spinal cord injury.

Eligible individuals without spinal cord injury that are enrolled in the study will participate for 1-2 days. These individuals may undergo a variety of non-invasive neurophysiological tests which evaluate spinal reflexes and integrity of specific spinal pathways. In addition, their movement may be assessed during walking on a treadmill and overground in a variety of different conditions (e.g. with mirrors, without mirrors, with obstacles, without obstacles).

Eligible individuals with spinal cord injury that are enrolled in the study will undergo the same testing as described above for the healthy controls. In addition, a small subset of these individuals may receive locomotor training (3 weeks of basic locomotor training followed by 3 weeks of adaptive locomotor training, separated by a 3 week washout period). For the individuals receiving locomotor training, they will be tested before and after each 3 week training session.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18 years or older
• no neurologic injury (for individuals without SCI)
• >12 mos post-incomplete SCI (iSCI), discharged from in- and out-patient rehabilitation, with diagnosis of first time motor iSCI (AIS C or D with upper motor neuron lesions at cervical or thoracic levels) (for individuals with SCI)
• medically stable condition with no changes in anti-spasticity meds
• ability to walk in the home and/or ambulate in the community using a single cane or crutch, bilateral canes or crutches, or no device
• walking speeds > 0.3 m/sec, with deficit performance on the Dynamic Gait Index
• medically approved for participation

Exclusion Criteria:

• current participation in another rehabilitation program/research protocol
• history of congenital SCI or other degenerative spinal disorders
• inappropriate or unsafe fit of the harness and/or joint contractures or severe spasticity that would prohibit the safe provision of training
• receipt of a therapeutic intervention or medication within the last 6 mos that would alter the nervous system's ability to respond to treatment (e.g. Botox injections)
• unable to safely receive transcranial magnetic stimulation due to positive history which prohibits its use