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Aqueous deficiency dry eye is mainly caused by Sjogren syndrome (SS), an autoimmune, chronic, inflammatory and systemic disease which affects most commonly the lacrimal and salivary glands.The ocular treatment is focused in increasing lubrification and decreasing inflammation with topical autologous serum, topical immunosuppressive agents and corticotherapy. Use of topical immunosuppressants has increased in recent years because the topical corticotherapy leads to ocular complications. The most used immunosuppressant is cyclosporine. Tacrolimus , another immunosuppressant, has been used in treatment of immune and inflammatory ocular diseases.This study describes a prospective controlled double-blinded randomized study of the clinical outcome of SS dry eyes patients treated with 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops. As secondary purposes, outcome of dry eye symptoms and any ocular symptoms of the eye drops were also questioned to the patients.
Aqueous deficiency dry eye is mainly caused by Sjogren syndrome (SS), an autoimmune, chronic, inflammatory and systemic disease which affects most commonly the lacrimal and salivary glands. The hyperreactivity of B lymphocytes causes lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, which induces production of antibodies against antigens of the acinar epithelium and ducts of the lacrimal exocrine gland . The ocular treatment is focused in increasing lubrification and decreasing inflammation with topical autologous serum, topical immunosuppressive agents and corticotherapy. Use of topical immunosuppressants has increased in recent years because the topical corticotherapy leads to ocular complications.
Among topical immunosuppressants the most used ones are tacrolimus, also known as FK506 and cyclosporine A (CsA). Their mechanism of action is similar, but FK 506 is described to be 10 to 100 times more potent than CsA. Tacrolimus is a macrolide with immunomodulatory action and becomes biologically active only when it binds to immunophilin and acts by inhibiting calcineurin, limiting transduction of the signal that carries information from the cell membrane to the nucleus, with the aim of stimulating interleukin (IL) - 2 synthesis, and inhibiting T and B lymphocyte activation . Generally, tacrolimus suppresses the immune response by inhibiting the release of other inflammatory cytokines (eg, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, interferon- ϒ, and tumor necrosis factor - α) .
The systemic and topical use of tacrolimus is already well established in ophthalmologic treatments of immune-mediated diseases , uveitis, graft-versus-host disease , corneal transplants and ocular pemphigoid . In veterinary medicine, topical tacrolimus aqueous suspension is well established to treat dry eye in dogs . In humans, tacrolimus eye drops were reported to be effective in treating severe allergic conjunctivitis . In a previous report, our group has showed the clinical outcomes of a case series of eight patients with dry eye using 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops 5 based on evidence in treating animals with KCS.
This study describes a prospective controlled double-blinded randomized study of the clinical outcome of SS dry eyes patients treated with 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops. As secondary purposes, outcome of dry eye symptoms and any ocular symptoms of the eye drops were also questioned to the patients.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| tacrolimus | Active Comparator | tacrolimus 0,03% eye drops (olive oil as vehicle) every 12/12 hours for 3 months placebo as olive oil eye drops every 12/12h hours for 3 months |
|
| Olive Oil | Placebo Comparator | All patients in this groups receive eye drops containing olive oil (vehicle of tacrolimus eye drops) twice a day (every 12 hours) for 90 days. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tacrolimus | Drug | tacrolimus 0,03% eyedrops (olive oil vehicle) every 12 hours for 3 months placebo : olive oil eyedrops every 12 hours for 3 months |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluation of the quantity of lacrimal film | Schirmer I test was performed using a Whatman 41 paper strip placed in the lateral lower conjunctival sac, and the measurement was recorded after 5 minutes (at least 30 minutes after BUT and staining scoring).The exam was made in the same room with control of humidity and temperature by the same examinator | 90 days |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluation of quality of lacrimal film | The BUT(break up time) was measured 3 times and averaged, using a chronometer in the same room with control of temperature and humidity by the same examinator. | 90 days |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluation of ocular surface | The rose bengal and fluorescein scores were performed by instilling 3 µL of a preservative-free combination of 1% rose Bengal and 1% fluorescein into the conjunctival sac according to the double vital staining method. The BUT was measured 3 times and averaged. The ocular surface staining score was rated from 0-3 (0= no staining, 1 = mild staining, 2 = moderated staining and 3 = extensive staining) . The exam was made in the same room with control of humidity and temperature by the same examinator |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| ruth m santo, assistent | University of Sao Paulo General Hospital | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Sao Paulo General Hospital | São Paulo | São Paulo | 05403000 | Brazil |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17273698 | Background | Felberg S, Dantas PE. [Sjogren's syndrome: diagnosis and treatment]. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2006 Nov-Dec;69(6):959-63. doi: 10.1590/s0004-27492006000600032. Portuguese. | |
| 17508116 | Background | The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007 Apr;5(2):75-92. doi: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70081-2. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012859 | Sjogren's Syndrome |
| D015352 | Dry Eye Syndromes |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001172 | Arthritis, Rheumatoid |
| D001168 | Arthritis |
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016559 | Tacrolimus |
| D000069463 | Olive Oil |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D018942 | Macrolides |
| D007783 | Lactones |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D004042 | Dietary Fats, Unsaturated |
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| Olive Oil | Drug | All patients in this groups receive eye drops containing olive oil (vehicle of tacrolimus eye drops) twice a day (every 12 hours) for 90 days. |
|
|
| 90 days |
| 17508120 | Background | Management and therapy of dry eye disease: report of the Management and Therapy Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007 Apr;5(2):163-78. doi: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70085-x. |
| 15944824 | Background | Shoji J, Sakimoto T, Muromoto K, Inada N, Sawa M, Ra C. Comparison of topical dexamethasone and topical FK506 treatment for the experimental allergic conjunctivitis model in BALB/c mice. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2005 May-Jun;49(3):205-10. doi: 10.1007/s10384-004-0187-3. |
| 22511024 | Background | Moscovici BK, Holzchuh R, Chiacchio BB, Santo RM, Shimazaki J, Hida RY. Clinical treatment of dry eye using 0.03% tacrolimus eye drops. Cornea. 2012 Aug;31(8):945-9. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e31823f8c9b. |
| 18600486 | Background | Attas-Fox L, Barkana Y, Iskhakov V, Rayvich S, Gerber Y, Morad Y, Avni I, Zadok D. Topical tacrolimus 0.03% ointment for intractable allergic conjunctivitis: an open-label pilot study. Curr Eye Res. 2008 Jul;33(7):545-9. doi: 10.1080/02713680802149115. |
| 15564752 | Background | Bertelmann E, Pleyer U. Immunomodulatory therapy in ophthalmology - is there a place for topical application? Ophthalmologica. 2004 Nov-Dec;218(6):359-67. doi: 10.1159/000080937. |
| 18321198 | Background | Fei WL, Chen JQ, Yuan J, Quan DP, Zhou SY. Preliminary study of the effect of FK506 nanospheric-suspension eye drops on rejection of penetrating keratoplasty. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Apr;24(2):235-44. doi: 10.1089/jop.2007.0059. |
| 18476802 | Background | Fujita E, Teramura Y, Mitsugi K, Ninomiya S, Iwatsubo T, Kawamura A, Kamimura H. Absorption, distribution, and excretion of 14C-labeled tacrolimus (FK506) after a single or repeated ocular instillation in rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jun;24(3):333-43. doi: 10.1089/jop.2007.0086. |
| 18476801 | Background | Fujita E, Teramura Y, Shiraga T, Yoshioka S, Iwatsubo T, Kawamura A, Kamimura H. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of tacrolimus (FK506) after a single or repeated ocular instillation in rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jun;24(3):309-19. doi: 10.1089/jop.2007.0083. |
| 7688360 | Background | Pleyer U, Lutz S, Jusko WJ, Nguyen KD, Narawane M, Ruckert D, Mondino BJ, Lee VH, Nguyen K. Ocular absorption of topically applied FK506 from liposomal and oil formulations in the rabbit eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993 Aug;34(9):2737-42. |
| 20307214 | Background | Ohashi Y, Ebihara N, Fujishima H, Fukushima A, Kumagai N, Nakagawa Y, Namba K, Okamoto S, Shoji J, Takamura E, Hayashi K. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of tacrolimus ophthalmic suspension 0.1% in severe allergic conjunctivitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Apr;26(2):165-74. doi: 10.1089/jop.2009.0087. |
| 18434855 | Background | Dhaliwal JS, Mason BF, Kaufman SC. Long-term use of topical tacrolimus (FK506) in high-risk penetrating keratoplasty. Cornea. 2008 May;27(4):488-93. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181606086. |
| 12006334 | Background | Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R, Moutsopoulos HM, Alexander EL, Carsons SE, Daniels TE, Fox PC, Fox RI, Kassan SS, Pillemer SR, Talal N, Weisman MH; European Study Group on Classification Criteria for Sjogren's Syndrome. Classification criteria for Sjogren's syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Jun;61(6):554-8. doi: 10.1136/ard.61.6.554. |
| 4183019 | Background | van Bijsterveld OP. Diagnostic tests in the Sicca syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1969 Jul;82(1):10-4. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1969.00990020012003. No abstract available. |
| 7687944 | Background | Toda I, Tsubota K. Practical double vital staining for ocular surface evaluation. Cornea. 1993 Jul;12(4):366-7. doi: 10.1097/00003226-199307000-00015. No abstract available. |
| 25956572 | Derived | Moscovici BK, Holzchuh R, Sakassegawa-Naves FE, Hoshino-Ruiz DR, Albers MB, Santo RM, Hida RY. Treatment of Sjogren's syndrome dry eye using 0.03% tacrolimus eye drop: Prospective double-blind randomized study. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2015 Oct;38(5):373-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2015.04.004. Epub 2015 May 5. |
| D012216 |
| Rheumatic Diseases |
| D014987 | Xerostomia |
| D012466 | Salivary Gland Diseases |
| D009059 | Mouth Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |
| D007766 | Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases |
| D005128 | Eye Diseases |
| D003240 | Connective Tissue Diseases |
| D017437 | Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases |
| D001327 | Autoimmune Diseases |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |
| D004041 |
| Dietary Fats |
| D005223 | Fats |
| D008055 | Lipids |
| D005224 | Fats, Unsaturated |
| D010938 | Plant Oils |
| D009821 | Oils |
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |