Slow accrual

The purpose of the study is to determine if metformin in combination with cytarabine is safe and effective. Participants in this research study have acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that has come back after initial treatment or has not gone away with initial therapy.There is evidence that metformin directly kills leukemia cells. Laboratory data have also shown that combinations of metformin with cytarabine are more efficient than each agent alone in killing leukemia cells in the laboratory.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. Determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of metformin (metformin hydrochloride) in combination with cytarabine in relapsed/refractory AML.

II. Define the dose limiting toxicity (DLT) of metformin in combination with cytarabine in relapsed/refractory AML.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. Remission rate. II. Overall survival (OS). III. Disease-free survival (DFS). IV. Length of remission.

OUTLINE: This is a dose-escalation study of metformin hydrochloride in combination with Cytarabine.

Patients receive metformin hydrochloride orally (PO) twice daily (BID) on days 1-15 and cytarabine intravenously (IV) over 3 hours BID on days 4-10.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months for 2 years and then every 6 months for 5 years.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with relapsed/refractory disease must have morphologic proof (from bone marrow aspirate, smears or touch preps of bone marrow biopsy) of AML with >= 10% blasts within two weeks (14 days) prior to initiation of therapy

  • All immunophenotype and cytogenetic/molecular groups are eligible for participation except for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) (as proven by the presence of promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptor alpha [PML-RARα])

• Patients must demonstrate one of the following:

  • Relapse after first complete remission
  • Refractory to conventional induction chemotherapy (failure to respond to 1 or more cycles of daunorubicin and cytarabine) or to re-induction

• Patients with previously untreated AML are candidates if they are unable to receive anthracyclines, and have documented AML with >= 20% blasts within one week prior to enrollment

• Patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in myeloid blast crisis are eligible if their disease has failed to respond, and/or they are intolerant, to the available tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)

• Serum total and direct bilirubin =< upper limit of normal (ULN)

• Serum creatinine < 1.4 mg/dl in females and < 1.5 mg/dl in males, and creatinine clearance > 60 mL/min

• Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (aspartate aminotransferase [AST])/serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) =< ULN

• Bicarbonate within the normal range of the hospital lab (24-32 mmol/L)

• Patients must exhibit an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0, 1, or 2

• Females of childbearing potential and sexually active males must agree to use an accepted and effective method of contraception while on study

• Childbearing potential is defined as any woman (regardless of sexual orientation, having undergone a tubal ligation, or remaining celibate by choice) who meets the following criteria:

  • Has NOT undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; OR
  • Has NOT been naturally postmenopausal for at least 12 consecutive months (i.e. has had menses at any time in the preceding 12 consecutive months)

• Patients with a history of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia are eligible if they are not symptomatic from current CNS involvement

  • If there is CNS involvement that is known prior to enrollment or identified subsequently, it will be treated accordingly

• Patients may have received therapy for other malignancies, as long as they have completed therapy at least 6 months prior to study entry and be deemed to have a life expectancy of at least 2 years with regard to that malignancy

• All patients must have given signed, informed consent prior to registration on study

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who have received chemotherapy or radiotherapy within 4 weeks prior to enrollment are NOT eligible for participation

  • The exception to this is patients who are refractory to conventional initial induction chemotherapy (=< 2 courses) or to first radiation (1 course); patients must have morphologic proof (from bone marrow aspirate, smears, or touch preps of marrow biopsy) of AML with > 10% blasts within 2 weeks prior to initiation of study therapy; the last dose of cytotoxic therapy (NOT including hydrea, which is allowed) must have been given >= 14 days prior to initiation of study therapy

• Patients with a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) treated with metformin are NOT eligible for participation

• Patients who are pregnant or breast feeding are NOT eligible for participation due to the lack of knowledge regarding the effects of the drugs on the fetus and during breast feeding

• Patients with any intercurrent organ damage or medical problems that would prohibit therapy are NOT eligible for participation

• Patients with any active, uncontrolled infection are NOT eligible for participation

• Patients who are receiving therapy for another active malignancy are NOT eligible for participation

  • The exception to this is squamous cell carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma of the skin