Neonates and infants that have cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for congenital heart disease are at great risk for experiencing life-threatening low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) in the first 24 hours after surgery. The poor perfusion and inadequate oxygen delivery that occurs may result in multiple organ failure and death. It is LCOS that is responsible for the majority of early postoperative deaths in this population of neonates and infants. Improved pediatric probes placed in peripheral locations using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) may permit continuous monitoring of venous saturations reflecting overall perfusion and oxygen balance in the tissues. Following parental or guardian consent, 30 neonates and infants scheduled to undergo surgery for congenital heart disease will be enrolled. At the end of surgery, four EQUANOX Advance 8004CB probes will be placed on the flank, lower extremities and the forehead. Continuous NIRS saturations will be monitored and stored for analysis. Point of care (POC) lactates will be obtained after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) every 2 hours for the first 24 hours postoperatively, then once at 48 hours. The association between NIRS oxygen saturation and POC lactate values will be assessed using mixed linear models taking into account the repeated measures design. Exploratory analyses will be performed to assess whether NIRS oxygen saturation is associated with outcomes such as days in ICU, adverse events and mortality.

The ability to use noninvasive, continuous monitoring for overall perfusion and cardiac output will allow better and earlier therapy for neonates and infants following cardiac surgery.

Inclusion:

• pediatric patients 0-3 years of age
• scheduled to undergo cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB) for repair of congenital heart defects

Exclusion:

• weight < 2 kg or > 20 kg
• greater than 3 years of age
• thrombosed femoral arteries
• prior fasciotomies
• currently on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

pediatric cardiac surgical patients that required cardiopulmonary bypass