Sunitinib® in Patients With Recurrent Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Sunitinib® in Patients With Recurrent Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma

Patients with early and advanced stages of epithelial ovarian cancer are treated with postoperative systemic chemotherapy after appropriate surgical staging and cytoreductive surgery. For ovarian cancer patients with recurrence, salvage chemotherapy with or without secondary cytoreductive surgery are recommended. The recommendation for specific primary adjuvant or salvage chemotherapy is cyclophosphamide or paclitaxel plus platinum regimens. Despite the high objective response rate associated with primary chemotherapy in ovarian cancer, the majority of patients will eventually experience disease recurrence and be potential candidates for a second-line treatment approach.

Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma (OCCA) is recognized as a distinct histological type of cancer in the WHO-classification of ovarian tumors. OCCA is thought to arise from endometriosis and most patients present with the disease at early stages (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages I and II). The incidence of OCCA among epithelial ovarian cancers is estimated to be less than 5-10%. However, OCCA occurs more frequent in Japan and Taiwan (around 10-15%). Unfortunately, OCCA is usually more resistant to systemic chemotherapy than other types and has a poorer prognosis.

Sunitinib is a small molecule with anti-tumor properties pharmacologically mediated through inhibition of multiple receptor tyrosine kinase (RTKs), which are important regulators of tumor cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Due to its multi-targeted profile, the pharmacological activity of sunitinib is likely mediated by inhibition of multiple RTK targets and multiple pathways. c-KIT has been implicated in mastocytosis/mast cell leukemia, germ cell cancers, small-cell lung cancer, GISTs, AML, neuroblastoma, melanoma, and ovarian and breast carcinoma. In addition, sunitinib has demonstrated a higher response rate than that reported for anti- VEGF antibody treatment in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A few clinical case reports indicated sunitinib is effective in treating recurrent ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma (OCCA) which is almost resistant to second line chemotherapy.

So we would like to conduct this Phase II Sunitinib clinical trial in recurrent / persistent ovarian clear cell cancer patients.

Ovarian cancer is the 10th leading cancer in women in Taiwan. There were 894 new cases in 2004 and 297 women died of ovarian cancer in 2001 according to the data released by the Department of Health. The incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer increases with age and the median age at the time of diagnosis is 63 years, and 70% of patients present with advanced disease.

Primary treatment for ovarian cancer consists of appropriate surgical staging and cytoreductive surgery, followed in most patients by systemic chemotherapy. Initial surgery should be a comprehensive staging laparotomy. For patients with clinical stage III or IV disease, the usual recommendation continues to be maximally cytoreductive surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.

Most patients with epithelial ovarian cancer will receive postoperative systemic chemotherapy. Observation is recommended for stage Ia, grade 1 tumors, owing to their high cure rate. For patients with higher-grade and/or higher-stage tumors, systemic chemotherapy is indicated. The recommendation for specific primary chemotherapy/primary adjuvant therapy is Paclitaxel plus platinum regimens. Paclitaxel plus cisplatin or carboplatin are the recommended regimens. The extent of treatment varies with stage of disease. For patients with advanced-stage disease, six cycles of chemotherapy are recommended, whereas for earlier-stage disease, three to six cycles are recommended, pending the results of ongoing studies in this group of patients.

Treatment of relapsed ovarian cancer Despite the high objective response rate associated with primary platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer, the majority of patients will eventually experience disease recurrence and be potential candidates for a second-line treatment approach. Treatment options for relapsed cancer are numerous. Patients with platinum-sensitive tumors (response to initial platinum therapy with no relapse for at least 6 months) may be retreated with platinum agents and/or taxanes upon relapse.

Clear cell carcinomas of the ovary comprise approximately 5% of all ovarian neoplasms and exhibit unique features including a more aggressive clinical course and more malignant behavior. Clinically, clear cell carcinomas often present as a large pelvic mass, the majority of which are detected at an early stage (FIGO stage I). Despite the early stage diagnosis, survival rates are significantly lower for women with clear cell carcinoma relative to stage-matched serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Furthermore, tumors are more chemoresistant, resulting in a high degree of recurrence and exhibit more frequent early metastasis to lymph nodes and parenchymal organs.

Sunitinib is a small molecule with anti-tumor properties pharmacologically mediated through inhibition of multiple receptor tyrosine kinase (RTKs), which are important regulators of tumor cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Specifically, sunitinib is a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of the catalytic activity of a group of closely related RTKs consisting of VEGFR-1, -2, and -3, PDGFR-α and -β, KIT, CSF-1R, FLT-3, and RET. Due to its multi-targeted profile, the pharmacological activity of sunitinib is likely mediated by inhibition of multiple RTK targets and multiple pathways.

In this study, we would like to evaluated the effect of Sunitinib in recurrent / persisted ovarian clear cell carcinoma.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Histologically (Primary tumor with ≥ 50% clear cell histomorphology) or cytologically confirmed ovarian clear cell carcinoma The disease should be documented recurrence or resistant to primary platinum and paclitaxel based adjuvant chemotherapy.

   • Patients are relapsed, not amenable to curative surgery or radiotherapy.
   • not considered to required palliative chemotherapy nor radiotherapy
   • Abnormal elevated serum CA125 tumor marker for no measurable disease by physical examination or image study, roentgenogram or computed tomography (CT) scan. Serum level of CA125 is higher than 80 IU/ml, or serum level of CA125 is at least 2 fold on day 14 than original serum level of CA125 which is higher than 35 IU/ml but less than 80 IU/ml on day 0.

2. Evidence of measurable disease according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) guidelines.

3. Female, 20 years of age or older.

4. GOG performance status of 0 - 2.

   • GOG performance status 0-2
   • Resolution of all acute toxic effects of prior chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery to NCI CTCAE grade ≤1(except for alopecia).
   • Life expectancy of at least 8 weeks

5. Adequate organ function as defined by the following criteria:

   • Serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) ≤2.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) or AST and ALT ≤5 x ULN if liver function abnormalities are due to underlying malignancy (liver metastases)
   • Total serum bilirubin ≤1.5 x ULN
   • Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1500/µL
   • Platelets ≥100,000/µL
   • Hemoglobin ≥9.0 g/dL
   • Serum creatinine ≤1.5 x ULN
   • QTc interval ≤450 msec for males and ≤470 msec for females (based on a mean value from 3 ECGs)
   • Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥lower limit of institutional normal (LLN) as assessed by multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan or echocardiogram

6. Signed and dated informed consent document indicating that the patient (or legally acceptable representative) has been informed of all pertinent aspects of the trial prior to enrollment.

7. Willingness and ability to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plans, laboratory tests, and other study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any of the following: known, severe hypersensitivity to sunitinib or any of the excipient of this product, unable to swallow sunitinib, previous treatment with sunitinib
2. Major surgery or radiation therapy within 4 weeks of study treatment.
3. Evidence of tumor bleeding within 4 weeks of study treatment.
4. NCI CTCAE grade ≥3 hemorrhage within 4 weeks of study treatment.
5. Newly diagnosed CNS metastases that have not been adequately controlled
6. Ongoing cardiac dysrhythmias of grade ≥2.
7. Hypertension that cannot be controlled by medication (>150/100 mmHg despite optimal medical therapy).
8. Any of the following within the 12 months prior to study treatment: myocardial infarction, severe/unstable angina, coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident including transient ischemic attack, or pulmonary embolism.
9. Diagnosis of any second malignancy within the last 3 years, except basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell skin cancer, or in situ carcinoma that has been adequately treated with no evidence of recurrent disease for 12 months.
10. Ongoing treatment with therapeutic doses (with therapeutic INR levels) of coumarin derivatives (low dose up to 2 mg PO daily for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis is allowed) or oral anti-vitamin K agents.
11. PT >1.5 x ULN
12. Known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
13. Current treatment on another clinical trial.
14. Pregnancy or breastfeeding. Patients who are unwilling or unable to use adequate contraception to prevent pregnancy during the study. All female patients with reproductive potential must have a negative pregnancy test prior to study entry.