The aim of this study is to examine the safety and effectiveness of 2 morphine delivery systems for post-surgical neonates. The investigators hypothesize that this study will be feasible to conduct, and that neonates receiving morphine via a Parent/Nurse Controlled Analgesia pump will receive less morphine and experience fewer side effects than neonates receiving morphine via continuous opioid infusion.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Surgery Location:

  • Abdominal or Thoracic
  • First surgery only

Age:

• Born ≥ 34-44 weeks post-menstrual age
• Weight: Weight at birth or current weight ≥2 kg Intubated or extubated

Prior opioid exposure:

• < 2 days of continuous exposure
• if history of > 2 day continuous exposure, must be off continuous drip for a week
• Intermittent exposure ≤ 2 days prior to surgery Neonates exposed to chronic opioids in utero *In utero exposure to Selective Seretonin Reuptake Inhibitors and illicit drugs will be screened for and annotated.

At least 1 parent is English-speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

• Surgery Type:

  • Cardiac, Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation; Omphalocele (if intubated pre-operatively)

Diagnoses:

• Necrotizing Enterocolitis; Diaphragmatic hernia (unless thoracoscopically repaired); Chemically or physiologically paralyzed Receiving vasopressors Receiving acetaminophen or a benzodiazepine (lorazepam or midazolam) ≤ 24 h before surgery Patients with any of the following: Epidural; Oscillating ventilator

Adverse events were collected up to 3 post-operative days

The intervention involved in this study would not be associated with all-cause mortality