lack of budget and failure to reach milestones

The goal of the present study is to evaluate the best regimen for infliximab monotherapy, and to evaluate if limited combination therapy with IFX and an Immunomodulator for the first 6 months of therapy, in prior Immunomodulator failures, is superior to monotherapy with Immunomodulator cessation from the second infusion, in preventing loss of remission to IFX.

Background: Current data from studies and registries involving pediatric Crohn's disease indicate that 50-80% of children will receive an immunomodulator (IMM) as a maintenance therapy within 12 months of diagnosis, and between 60-80% by 18 months. The common use of IMM early in the disease also leads to a high proportion of patients with active disease despite IMM (IMMfailure).

Infliximab has become a standard of care in North America, Europe and Israel, and is recommended at present for steroid dependent or refractory patients, fistulizing disease, active disease despite an immunomodulator.

Infliximab was originally prescribed as an add on therapy to IMM, because of concerns regarding IFX side effects and loss of response due to development of antibodies to infliximab (ATIs). An early study clearly showed an advantage in long term remission with thiopurine co administration.However, subsequent studies in adults with CD showed that with scheduled IFX treatment, AZA could be safely discontinued after the first 6 months of therapy , lowering the risks associated with dual immunosuppressive therapies, and the risks of co-therapy. Monotherapy subsequently became the recommended method of treatment with IFX, despite a decrease in trough levels among those who discontinued IMM.

IFX mono-therapy became the method of choice for treatment in pediatric CD, though this strategy has been called into question due to frequent loss of response to IFX requiring dose escalation of IFX or decreased intervals of IFX. This loss of response has been attributed to development of ATIs and low trough levels of IFX, which can develop after the first infusions. Low trough levels of infliximab at 14 weeks were predictive of LOR. The second reason for questioning IFX mono-therapy is a trial that compared mono-therapy to combined AZA+IFX therapy in adults with moderate to severe thiopurine naïve disease. This study clearly showed improved long term remission rates and mucosal healing in an unselected cohort of patients with combination therapy. Conversely, mono-therapy was associated with low levels of sustained mucosal healing, which is troublesome. Lastly, some excellent results obtained in a pediatric cohort treated with combined therapy, along with the relatively low risk of HTSCL, has left pediatric gastroenterologists at a loss; Should we recommend primary mono-therapy , or use IMM for a limited period of time before discontinuing therapy ? When should the IMM be discontinued, after the first infusion or after several months? There are no controlled data in pediatric IBD to answer this pressing question.

There is also a movement towards increased use of methotrexate instead of thiopurines as immunomodulators because of concerns about neoplasia.

Recent studies have shown that by adding an immunomodulator to a biologic after LOR, trough levels can be improved and ATIs or ADAs decreased, suggesting that IMM may inhibit antibody formation.

The investigators hypothesize that by continuing IMM with IFX for the first 6 months, the investigators will detect a benefit . The investigators hypothesize that early cessation of an IMM will increase the risk of LOR (Loss of response), decrease trough levels at 14 weeks, and be associated with lower rates of corticosteroid free sustained remission by one year.

In a parallel study , using the same data base, We also hypothesize that low trough levels at week 14 ( parallel study) will predict LOR- This study, called Predict Study; Prediction of Loss of Response to Infliximab in Crohn's Disease Based on Week 14 Trough Levels.will enable open label enrolment of patients receiving infliximab with an immunomodulator, but will not require randomization, and patients may be allocated to group one or group 2 at the physicians or patients discretion.

Methods: It is a prospective open label phase 4 RCT in pediatric patients with active CD, defined by the Porto criteria, despite >10 weeks of prior treatment with an immunomodulator (thiopurines/Methotrexate) ,requiring infliximab, involving 2 arms, and intention to treat analysis after the first infusion.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Crohns disease
2. Age: 6 - 18 years ( inclusive)
3. Active disease PCDAI >10, or any steroid dependence despite thiopurine use for >10 weeks.
4. Naïve to biologics
5. Informed consent
6. CRP ≥0.6 mg/dl
7. Neg. TB-Test, negative HBV- S Ag
8. Use of IMM at present or in past for at least 10 weeks ( for Withdraw only).
9. Negative stool culture, parasites and clostridium toxin current flare

Inclusion criteria Comments:

1. Patients receiving corticosteroids may be included if the disease is active and CRP elevated.
2. All other treatments such as 5ASA , , must be discontinued immediately after the first IFX infusion.
3. Patients may receive an antihistamine prior to any infusion.Use of corticosteroid pretreatment is allowed only during the first two infusions (single infusion on day of infliximab), or if an infusion reaction has occurred.
4. Partial enteral nutrition, accounting for less than 50% of daily required calories, may be supplied as needed.
5. Patients receiving antibiotics must cease use of antibiotics within the 14 days of receiving the first infusion.
6. ESR >20 can be alternative if the CRP <0.6.
7. Negative stool culture, parasites and clostridium toxin current flare will examined only if the patient has diarrhea.
8. Patients may be enrolled directly in to the Predict study , in which case duration of IMM is irrelevant , but patients must have received an IMM until week 2 as in the withdraw

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Intolerance to thiopurines/methotrexate
2. Pregnancy
3. Contraindication for any of the drugs.
4. Leukopenia <4000 or absolute neutrophil count below 1200 on two consecutive tests during screening.
5. Hepatocellular Liver disease ( ALT > 60 ) or cirrhosis.
6. Renal Failure
7. Prior idiosyncratic side effects with thiopurines ( pancreatitis etc).
8. Current abscess ( < 14 days of antibiotics) or perforation of the bowel( <14 days antibiotics).
9. Small bowel obstruction within the last 3 months
10. Fixed non inflammatory stricture with predilatation with symptoms related to stricture
11. Complicated or heavily draining perianal fistula ( indolent non draining or scant draining fistula are not exclusion criteria)
12. Prior treatment with infliximab
13. Previous malignancy
14. Toxic Megacolon
15. Sepsis
16. Surgery related to Crohn's disease in previous 8 weeks.
17. Positive Hepatitis B surface antigen or evidence for TB.
18. Current bacterial infection
19. IBD unclassified

Exclusion criteria Comments:

1. Prior surgery or post operative recurrence are not exclusion criteria.