Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) remarkably improves motor functions in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). However, growing evidence suggests that STN-DBS also causes executive inhibitory deficits and impulsive behaviour (Jahanshahi et al 2000; Schroeder et al 2002; Hershey et al 2004; Thobois et al 2007; Frank et al 2007; Ballanger et al., 2009). Despite a widespread use, the mechanisms of action of STN-DBS are still unclear. Two reasons might explain this. 1) From a theoretical point of view, cognitive models of executive control mechanisms are incomplete. 2) From a methodological point of view, investigating cerebral activity during STN-DBS is very limited because most techniques are incompatible with locally implanted electrodes.

This project relies on a double opportunity to answer these questions offered by recent theoretical and methodological advances. First, investigations in healthy subjects (Jaffard et al 2007, 2008, Boulinguez et al 2009) revealed an essential function of inhibitory control, so far ignored, consisting in locking in advance movement triggering processes to prevent undesired automatic or anticipated responses to unattended stimuli. In other words, key processes of executive control may act tonically before stimulation occurs, calling brain imaging studies to look at proactive and not only reactive activations. Second, recent advances in EEG signal processing now allow suppressing from the electroencephalogram DBS-related artifacts (Allen et al. 2010), providing a tremendous opportunity to use a non-invasive technique with the high temporal resolution necessary to disentangle proactive from reactive brain activity. To our knowledge, up to date no study has been published using EEG with STN-DBS patients since Allen et al.'s paper. The first operational purpose of this project is to identify the anatomo-functional origin of STN-DBS-induced executive dysfunction using EEG recordings in classical stimulus-response tasks. Results expected from this first part of the project may help resolving other long-lasting issues. Indeed, reactivity as assessed by simple reaction time in non-implanted patients as well as impulsivity in STN-DBS patients are known to remain insensitive to dopaminergic medication. Since the proactive activity related to executive, inhibitory, control may be supported by the noradrenergic (NA) system, the second purpose of this project is to test the original hypothesis according to which NA plays a central role in both akinesia and STN-DBS side effects.

Inclusion Criteria:

• For all right-handed participants :

  • Age between ≥ 40 and ≤ 70 years old ;

  • Weight between 45 and 95 kg

  • Without cognitive deterioration (MATTIS score > 130) ;

  • Without orthostatic hypotension known;

  • Showing no contraindication to clonidine:

    • Hypersensibility known to clonidine or to an excipient of Catapressan
    • Depressed state
    • Severe bradyarrythmias due to a sinus node disease or atrioventricular block ventricular second or third degree ;
    • Treatment by sultopride;

  • Showing no contraindication to the placebo of clonidine : lactose intolerance;

  • Affiliated to a social security scheme or assimilated;

  • Not being the subject of a measure of legal protection;

  • Having consented to participate in the study and written inform consent.

Specific to right-handed parkinsonian patients :

• Having an idiopathic Parkinson's disease Dopa-sensitive;
• Treated with deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus since at least 3 months;
• With stable antiparkinsonian treatment for at least 2 months and that it will be possible not to modified during the entire experiment;

Specific to right-handed healthy controls :

• Without a history of neurologic or psychiatric disease

Exclusion Criteria:

• For all the participants:

  • Having somatic medication treatment with a cerebral or psychic impact;
  • Presenting dependence and abuse to cannabis or to other addictive substance according to the DSM-IV-TR, with the exception of tobacco;
  • Already participating to another biomedical research except surgical project involving a new material of deep brain stimulation because in this case stimulation parameters and patients benefiting of it will be the same;
  • Pregnant or breastfeeding women (diagnostic examination);
  • Subjects having, after reading questionnaires or after the medical examination, contraindication to EEG exam or to clonidine.

Specific to parkinsonian patients:

• Having other neurologic or psychiatric associated pathology, notably depression;
• Already participating to another biomedical research except surgical project involving a new material of deep brain stimulation because in this case stimulation parameters and patients benefiting of it will be the same;
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women (diagnostic examination); Subjects having, after reading questionnaires or after the medical examination, contraindication to EEG exam or to clonidine.

Specific to healthy subjects :

• Already participating to another biomedical research;
• Subjects who exceeded the annual compensation allowed for participation in research protocols;
• Subjects with an inability to understand or carry out the study (language barrier, mental disability, obvious lack of motivation…) judged by the investigator