This study will assess the utilization patterns (adherence, source of the index antidiabetic agent (ADA) and treatment modification) of the marketed glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (exenatide and liraglutide), dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, and linagliptin) and other ADAs and the incidence rate of acute pancreatitis among the users of these GLP-1 receptor agonists and users of DPP-4 inhibitors, separately, in comparison to other ADAs.

The proposed study will help in understanding the treatment utilization patterns and the incidence rate of acute pancreatitis among users of the marketed GLP-1 receptor agonists. This study differs from previous observational studies by including both exenatide and liraglutide and follow-up time is expected to be longer in the current study (2005 - 2011).

This study will be a retrospective cohort study conducted in the Truven (Thomson Reuters) commercial health insurance database from 2005-2011.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Subjects aged ≥ 18 and ≤ 64 years as of index date and those who have continuous enrolment for at least 12 months in Truven
• Subjects should have complete medical and pharmacy benefits and continuous enrolment in the health plan for at least 12 months before the index date (pre-index period).
• Subjects should also have at least 1 claim of T2D diagnosis identified using ICD-9 codes 250.x0 or 250.x2 (excluding 250.x1 and/or 250.x3 - Type 1 diabetes and 648.0x - gestational diabetes)

Exclusion Criteria:

• For the objective of evaluating the association between GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and acute pancreatitis as compared to the association observed between this outcome and the use of other ADAs, subjects having evidence of pancreatic disease (ICD 9 code of 577.xx) in the pre-index period (12 months before the index date) will be excluded.

The study population will include subjects aged ≥ 18 and ≤ 64 years as of index date and those who have continuous enrolment for at least 12 months in Truven (Thomson Reuters) commercial health insurance database from 2005-2011. The Truven database captures person-specific clinical utilization, expenditures, and enrolment across inpatient, outpatient, prescription drug, and carve-out services from a selection of large employers, health plans, and government and public organizations. This databases links paid claims and encounter data to detailed patient information across sites and types of providers, and over time. The annual medical databases include private sector health data from approximately 100 payers. Historically, more than 500 million claim records are available in the database. The Commercial Claims and Encounters Database represents the medical experience of insured employees and their dependents for active employees, early retirees, COBRA continues, and their dependents i