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Background:
Colonoscopy is often regarded as a painful and unpleasant procedure. Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation on Acupoints (Acu-TENS) is a non-invasive modality that has been used successfully to treat pain of various origins, but few good-quality studies have evaluated its role in treating pain and anxiety during colonoscopy.
Objective:
To investigate the efficacy of Acu-TENS in reducing procedure-related pain and the consumption of sedatives/analgesics during colonoscopy.
Design:
Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
Subjects:
One hundred and twenty eight consecutive patients undergoing first-time elective day-case colonoscopy without previous experience of acupuncture/Acu-TENS will be recruited.
Interventions:
Patients will be randomized to receive either 45 minutes of Acu-TENS or placebo-TENS before colonoscopy. The acupoints relevant to the treatment of abdominal pain and distension, including Zusanli, Hegu, Neiguan, Tianshu, and Dachangshu will be used. For the placebo-TENS group, a non-conductive plastic film will be placed between the acupoint and the electrode so that no current will be transmitted. Acu-TENS and placebo-TENS will be continued throughout colonoscopy. A mixture of Propofol and Alfentanil, delivered by a patient-controlled syringe pump, will be used for sedation/analgesia in both groups.
Outcome measures:
Primary outcome: doses of patient-controlled sedation/analgesia consumed. Secondary outcomes: pain and satisfaction scores according to a visual analog scale, cecal intubation rate/time, and episodes of hypotension/desaturation.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acu-TENS | Experimental |
| |
| Placebo-TENS | Sham Comparator |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acu-TENS | Procedure | Patients randomized to the experimental group will receive Acu-TENS on acupoints relevant to the treatment of abdominal pain and distension, including Zusanli (stomach meridian ST-36), Hegu (large intestine meridian LI-4), Neiguan (pericardium meridian PC-6), Tianshu (stomach meridian ST-25), and Dachangshu (bladder meridian BL-25). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Dose of patient-controlled sedation/analgesia consumed | During the procedure (up to 1 day) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain score | Using a 10-cm unscaled visual analog scale; 0 = no pain, 10 = very painful | During the procedure (up to 1 day) |
| Patients' satisfaction score | Using a 10-cm unscaled visual analog scale; 0 = not satisfied, 10 = very satisfied |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Simon SM Ng, MD | Chinese University of Hong Kong | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong | Hong Kong SAR | China |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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|
| Placebo-TENS | Procedure | Patients randomized to the control group will receive placebo-TENS at the same acupoints. |
|
| During the procedure (up to 1 day) |
| Patients' willingness to repeat the procedure | Up to 1 day |
| Endoscopists' satisfaction score | Using a 10-cm unscaled visual analog scale; 0 = not satisfied, 10 = very satisfied | During the procedure (up to 1 day) |
| Cecal intubation rate | Complete colonoscopy is defined as identification of ileocecal valve | During the procedure (up to 1 day) |
| Cecal intubation time | The time from introduction of the colonoscope to the cecum | During the procedure (up to 1 day) |
| Total procedure time | During the procedure (up to 1 day) |
| Episodes of hypotension | Defined as systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg | During the procedure (up to 1 day) |
| Episodes of desaturation | Defined as SaO2 <90% | During the procedure (up to 1 day) |