A variety of computer games that are engaging but not designed to enhance cognitive skills

As with baseline memory score, the outcome score was the mean of Word List Memory and Logical Memory (Story A) tests, each providing three scores: immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition tasks after conversion to a common unit of measurement. However, to standardize these outcome tasks, the statistics from which the baseline z-scores were calculated (mean_baseline and SD_baseline from the full sample before randomization) were used, rather than the means of the given outcome period: standardized score = (outcome task score - mean_baseline) / SD_baseline. Thus, while baseline task scores were conventional z-scores, the six-month post-intervention standardized scores were not, in order to best inform the outcome measure and better facilitate comparison with baseline. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months. Like the baseline measure, this measure does not have a theoretical minimum or maximum, and higher scores indicate better performance.

As with baseline attention/executive function score, the outcome score was the mean of the Target Cancellation (TMX, Diamond), Trail Making (A, B; reversed), Digit Symbol Substitution, and, Digit Span (Forward, Backward) tasks after conversion to a common unit of measurement. However, to standardize these outcome tasks, the statistics from which the baseline z-scores were calculated (mean_baseline and SD_baseline from the full sample before randomization) were used, rather than the means of the given outcome period: standardized score = (outcome task score - mean_baseline) / SD_baseline. Thus, while baseline task scores were conventional z-scores, the six-month post-intervention standardized scores were not, in order to best inform the outcome measure and better facilitate comparison with baseline. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months. Like the baseline measure, this measure does not have a theoretical minimum or maximum, and higher scores indicate better performance.

A measure of glycemic control derived from blood sample. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months. Higher values represent poorer control of glycation.

A measure of the extent of pressure that blood is exerting against an individual's artery walls when the heart beats, assessed using a blood pressure cuff. Higher values indicate worse outcome. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months.

A measure of the extent of pressure of the blood in the arteries when the heart is filling, assessed using a blood pressure cuff. Higher values indicate worse outcome. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months.

The "Appointments - Delayed Recall" subtest of the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test - Third Edition (RBMT - 3) is a test of prospective memory - remembering to do something in the future. The examinee was instructed to ask two questions when an alarm rings 25 minutes later. For each question, a score of 2 was given when a participant responded without requiring a prompt, 1 point when a prompt was needed and elicited a correct response, and 0 when there was no appropriate response despite prompting. Scores were summed and the total score ranges from 0 to 4. Higher scores indicate better performance. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months.

As for the CCT intervention group, these randomly selected subjects performed three games each session from the same set of Cognifit computer games over the same eight week schedule. The activity differed only in the program did not target training games nor adaptive in their level of challenge based on prior performance and no cognitive score was provided at the end of the session.

Total of all reporting groups

Years of education.

The Clinical Dementia Rating Scale is a scale used to determine the presence of a dementia and, if present, quantify the severity of symptoms (its "stage"), Possible scores are: 0 ("no dementia"), 0.5 ("questionable dementia"), 1 ("mild dementia"), 2 ("moderate dementia") and 3 ("severe dementia"). All scores greater than 0.5 were exclusions.

Participation required a score of 25 or greater, from a possible range of 0 to 30, at baseline. High scores indicated better global cognition.

Primary Outcome: 0-20 scale with high scores indicating better self-management. Administered to the participant and his or her informant and the average of these was used..

Eligibility required a baseline score < or = 18, indicating less than optimal self-management.

4 participants missing HBA1c

4 participants were missing on this measure

4 participants were missing on this measure

This measure of "memory" combined 6 tests: immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition, from both Word List Memory and Logical Memory (Story A) tests. Before randomization for each test, mean_baseline and SD_baseline were calculated. In each group after randomization, a participant's baseline scores was the average of test z-scores, (participant score -mean_baseline)/ SD_baseline. Higher score indicates better performance with the same unit of measurement in both groups.

For analysis, memory was calculated only for participants with at least 14 of 16 neuropsychological test scores (169 at baseline). Non-missing scores of each memory test were converted to z-scores and averaged for the participant.

This measure of "attention/executive functions" combined 7 tests: Trail Making Test (A, B; reversed), Target Cancellation (TMX, Diamond), Digit Symbol Substitution and Digit Span (Forward, Backward) tests. Before randomization for each test, mean_baseline and SD_baseline were calculated. In each group after randomization, a participant's baseline scores was the average of test z-scores, (participant score -mean_baseline)/ SD_baseline. Higher score indicates better performance with the same unit of measurement in both groups.

For analysis, attention/executive functions was calculated only for participants with at least 14 of 16 neuropsychological test scores (169 at baseline). Non-missing scores of each attention/executive function test were converted to z-scores and averaged for the participant.

The "Appointments - Delayed Recall" subtest of the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test - Third Edition (RBMT - 3) is a test of prospective memory - remembering to do something in the future. The examinee is instructed to ask two questions when an alarm rings 25 minutes after describing what is needed. For each question, a score of 2 is given when a participant responds without requiring a prompt, 1 point when a prompt is needed, and 0 when there is no appropriate response despite prompting. Scores are summed and the total score ranges from 0 to 4. Higher scores indicate better performance.

12 participants were missing on this assessment.

Medication adherence was assessed by the Continuous Multiple interval measure of Gaps in therapy (CMG), using diabetes medication refill data from the Computerized Patient Record System (CPRS). To calculate CMG percentage, the total number of days in treatment gaps (refill gap-days) was divided by the total number of days within the time period of interest (here, 365 days, one year). Multiplying this fraction by 100 provide the CMG percentage, where higher a percentage indicates worse medication adherence.

Medication data was derived from the VA's Computerized Patient Record System (CPRS). Not all participants obtained their medications from the VA.

Subjective cognition measure. The CSRQ.assesses 25 perceptions of cognitive abilities and mood in everyday life over the past two weeks, answered using a 0 to 5 point Likert scale ("Almost Always," "Often/Usually." "Sometimes," "Seldom," "Hardly Ever," and "Does not apply to me" [which always corresponds to a score of 0]). Possible scores range from 0 to 125, where a lower total score indicates better self-perceived cognition (125 max score indicating worst self-report cognition).

Not all participants completed this assessment.

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a self-report assessment with 30 items used to identify levels of depression in the elderly. Each of the 30 items (features associated with depression) are scored 0 if absent and 1 if present to obtain a total score that can range from 0 to 30. Higher scores indicate higher levels of depression.

Not all participants completed this assessment.

This test measures the ability to obtain, read, understand, and use healthcare information in order to make appropriate health decisions and follow instructions for treatment. There are two sections of the test: reading comprehension involving 2 passages and 36 items each worth 2 points (with scores ranging from 0 to 72); and, numeracy involving 4 items each worth 7 points (with scores ranging from 0 to 28). This randomized control trial (RCT) used total scores (range: 0 to 100), with higher scores indicating better health literacy.

Medication adherence was assessed by the Continuous Multiple interval measure of Gaps in therapy (CMG), using diabetes medication refill data from the CPRS for the full year post-intervention. To calculate CMG percentage, the total number of days without medication refills when due - refill gap-days - was divided by 365, the days in a year. Multiplying this fraction by 100 provides the CMG percentage, where a higher percentage indicates worse medication adherence. The data below represent the CMG percentage at 12 months post-intervention.

Some participants did not use VA pharmacy for medication reducing samples in groups.

As with baseline memory score, the outcome score was the mean of Word List Memory and Logical Memory (Story A) tests, each providing three scores: immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition tasks after conversion to a common unit of measurement. However, to standardize these outcome tasks, the statistics from which the baseline z-scores were calculated (mean_baseline and SD_baseline from the full sample before randomization) were used, rather than the means of the given outcome period: standardized score = (outcome task score - mean_baseline) / SD_baseline. Thus, while baseline task scores were conventional z-scores, the six-month post-intervention standardized scores were not, in order to best inform the outcome measure and better facilitate comparison with baseline. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months. Like the baseline measure, this measure does not have a theoretical minimum or maximum, and higher scores indicate better performance.

Two active control participants did not complete neuropsychological test battery.

As with baseline attention/executive function score, the outcome score was the mean of the Target Cancellation (TMX, Diamond), Trail Making (A, B; reversed), Digit Symbol Substitution, and, Digit Span (Forward, Backward) tasks after conversion to a common unit of measurement. However, to standardize these outcome tasks, the statistics from which the baseline z-scores were calculated (mean_baseline and SD_baseline from the full sample before randomization) were used, rather than the means of the given outcome period: standardized score = (outcome task score - mean_baseline) / SD_baseline. Thus, while baseline task scores were conventional z-scores, the six-month post-intervention standardized scores were not, in order to best inform the outcome measure and better facilitate comparison with baseline. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months. Like the baseline measure, this measure does not have a theoretical minimum or maximum, and higher scores indicate better performance.

Two active control participants did not complete neuropsychological test battery.

A measure of glycemic control derived from blood sample. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months. Higher values represent poorer control of glycation.

Siemens HbA1c machine was unavailable for 2 adaptive CCT and 1 active control participant.

A measure of the extent of pressure that blood is exerting against an individual's artery walls when the heart beats, assessed using a blood pressure cuff. Higher values indicate worse outcome. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months.

Omron HEM-780 blood pressure device not available for 1 adaptive CCT and 2 active control participants.

A measure of the extent of pressure of the blood in the arteries when the heart is filling, assessed using a blood pressure cuff. Higher values indicate worse outcome. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months.

Omron HEM-780 blood pressure device not available for 1 adaptive CCT and 2 active control participants.

The "Appointments - Delayed Recall" subtest of the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test - Third Edition (RBMT - 3) is a test of prospective memory - remembering to do something in the future. The examinee was instructed to ask two questions when an alarm rings 25 minutes later. For each question, a score of 2 was given when a participant responded without requiring a prompt, 1 point when a prompt was needed and elicited a correct response, and 0 when there was no appropriate response despite prompting. Scores were summed and the total score ranges from 0 to 4. Higher scores indicate better performance. The data below represent outcome values at 6 months.

Test not administered to 5 participants (4 adaptive CCT and 1 active control).

As for the CCT intervention group, these randomly selected subjects performed three games each session from the same set of Cognifit computer games over the same eight week schedule. The activity differed only in the program did not target training games nor adaptive in their level of challenge based on prior performance and no cognitive score was provided at the end of the session.

Pt suffered a mild stroke and was hospitalized. Pt was withdrawn from the study

Participant had scheduled surgery related to gout and was not withdrawn from the study.

death reported by relative in phone contact