PROJECT SUMMARY:

PTSD is a debilitating psychiatric condition precipitated by exposure to extreme, or life threatening, trauma with an estimated lifetime prevalence between 8% and 9% in U.S. adults. One core symptom of PTSD is intense psychological distress in the presence of stimuli that "resemble" one or more aspects of the trauma experience (DSM-IV). This phenomenon referred to as stimulus generalization has received surprisingly little empirical testing in the context of clinical anxiety in general, and PTSD more specifically. The current proposal represents the first effort to study the neurobiology and pharmacology of this PTSD-relevant learning phenomenon across those with and without PTSD. The objective of this particular proposal is to apply fMRI and pharmacologic methods to: 1) identify brain mechanisms associated with generalization of conditioned fear and 2) examine the pharmacologic modifiability of levels of generalization using a partial agonist at the NMDA receptor complex (D-cycloserine) shown to increase discrimination of CS+ (danger cue) and CS- (safety cue) in animal studies.

To fullfill the objectives of this application, a generalization paradigm has been designed and psychophysiologically validated in which 6 rings presented on a computer screen gradually increase in size. For half of participants the smallest ring is the conditioned stimulus paired with electric shock (CS+) and the largest is the unpaired stimulus (CS-), and for the other half of participants this is reversed. Activity in fear-related brain structures measured via fMRI are predicted to gradually decrease as the presented stimulus gradually becomes less similar to the CS+, forming a generalization slope or gradient. One central hypothesis of the current application is that DCS (Seromycin) will dose dependently increase the steepness of generalization gradients (i.e., reduce fear generalization). This study will include 3 groups of healthy adults recieving either 1) 500 mg Seromycin, 2) 250 mg Seromycin, or placebo only prior to acquisition of fear conditioning. Twenty four hours later, participants will return to complete an fMRI during which brain responses to the danger cue and stimuli resembling the danger cue will be assessed.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy adults between the ages of 18-55.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Current or past Axis I psychiatric diagnosis as determined by self report

2. Current substance dependence or meet criteria for the six month period preceding testing.

3. Participants will be excluded if they have current or past medical illnesses, which place the participant at risk or confound the results of the study including:

   A) Past history of hypersensitivity to Seromycin B) Current or past epileptic disorders C) Current depression D) Current anxiety disorders E) Current or past psychotic disorders F) Current or past renal disease G) Excessive or concurrent use of alcohol

   a) Subjects who are unable to abstain from alcohol for 12 hours prior to testing and 2 days following testing will be excluded

4. Current use of psychoactive medications or medications that alter central-nervous-system function

5. Females who are pregnant or currently breast-feeding

6. Any metallic implants or objects above the knee, tattoos about the knee, or oral braces.

Healthy adults between the ages of 18-55.