Left Atrium Substrate Based Ablation Plus Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation to Treat Chronic Atrial Fibrillation

Left Atrium Substrate Based Ablation Plus Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation in the Treatment of Persistent and Long-standing Atrial Fibrillation

The purpose of this study is to determine whether left atrium substrate based ablation plus circumferential is effective in the treatment of persistent and long-standing atrial fibrillation.

Inclusion Criteria:

All persistent or permanent AF patients with refractory or intolerant to at least one Class 1 or Class 3 antiarrhythmic medication.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with paroxysmal AF (self-terminating episodes lasting < 7 day)
2. Patients who have had a previous AF ablation procedure
3. Pregnancy