A Phase I Study Investigating Everolimus and Dovitinib in Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cancer
A Phase I Study Investigating Everolimus and Dovitinib in Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cancer
When kidney cancer spreads beyond the kidney, it is known as metastatic kidney cancer. This is very difficult to treat and almost all patients will die of their disease within 3 years.
Sunitinib has become standard therapy for untreated patients with metastatic clear cell renal (kidney) cancer. It targets a growth factor known as VEGF which is important in treating renal cancer. Although the results with this drug are impressive, patients develop resistance to the drug, relapse and die of renal cancer. It is currently standard practice is to treat patients with everolimus when resistance to sunitinib occurs; this is associated with clear clinical benefit. However the median time to progression with everolimus is 4.9 months in previously treated patients, therefore further improvement in treating patients is required. The optimal way of achieving this is to increase the efficacy of everolimus by adding agents which directly target the cause of resistance to sunitinib.
Dovitinib is a promising new drug in renal cancer. Dovitinib blocks cellular functions such as activation of downstream signalling molecules, cell proliferation and survival. Combining dovitinib and everolimus is very attractive.
This trial is aimed to establish the maximum tolerated dose for the combination of dovitinib and everolimus in clear call renal cancer, which can then be taken into a randomised phase II study.
A maximum of 30 patients will be recruited into this multi centre national trial.
Expansion Cohort:
The study has established the MAD and the MTD. The MTD was Cohort 0 (Everolimus 5mg and Dovitinib 200mg). 6 patients were recruited in this cohort with only 1 patient experiencing a DLT. A further 3 patients were recruited into Cohort 1 (Everolimus 5mg and Dovitinib 300mg), where 2 patients experienced a DLT.
A total of 7 assessable patients will be recruited during the expansion phase at the MTD (Cohort 0: Everolimus 5mg and Dovitinib 200mg) to further define the safety, tolerability, efficacy, PK and biological end points.
Assessable patients for the expansion cohort are defined as being on the study for a minimum of 6 weeks. Any patients enrolled who are not assessable will be replaced.
Renal cell cancer, also referred to as kidney cancer, is diagnosed in approximately 170,000 people worldwide annually, resulting in 82,000 deaths. Treatment for metastatic kidney cancer is difficult. Almost all of the patients die from their disease.
In 2006 a new drug called sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, transformed treatment options. It targets the development of new blood vessels within the cancer. Although the results with this drug are impressive, patients develop resistance a median after 11 months to the drug, relapse and die of renal cancer. It is currently standard practice to switch to everolimus when resistance to sunitinib occurs; this is associated with clear clinical benefit. However the median time to progression with everolimus is 4 months in previously treated patients, therefore further improvement in treating patients is required. The optimal way of achieving this is to increase the efficacy of everolimus by adding agents which directly target the cause of resistance to sunitinib.
dovitnib is a promising new drug the pharmacology data from a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies with dovitnib provided preclinical rationale for clinical evaluation of dovitinib in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cancer.
The combination of everolimus with dovitnib will target 3 major protagonists associated with tumour growth The main risks and burdens to the patients participating in the study are the potential for side effects of the trial medicines, these two drugs have not been used in combination together and although there is safety data on each drug, there is no known safety data on the drugs when used in combination. The first cohort of patients will receive 200mg of dovitnib and 5mg of everolimus. In previous studies these drugs have been administered separately and at higher doses. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of dovitnib for the 5-day on/ 2-day off dosing schedule has been defined as 500mg/day in a previous Phase I studies. In the RECORD-1 study (a Phase III double blind randomised trial investigating everolimus) a dose of 10mg was used.
Cohorts of three patients will be treated in each dose level. A minimum of 14 days will elapse between the first patient being treated in each cohort and entering the next patient. Further patients may be entered concurrently. Toxicity will be assessed according to NCI CTCAE v4.0; if no dose limiting toxicity (DLT) occurs dose escalation will be undertaken for the next cohort of patients.
In the event of DLT in 1out of the 3 patients the cohort will be expanded to a maximum of 6 patients. If more than or equal to 2 out of 6 patients experience DLT dose escalation will be halted and the maximum administered dose (MAD) has been reached. If less than or equal to 1 out of 6 patients had DLT dose escalation may continue.
Patients may not personally benefit from being in this study. However the information we gain from this study might help to treat future patients who have metastatic kidney cancer.
Inclusion Criteria:
Histopathologically confirmed clear cell renal carcinoma with measurable metastases on CT/MRI imaging (only a component of clear cell histology is required).
Patients must have progression on or after stopping treatment with a VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (sunitinib and/or sorafenib)
Prior vaccine therapy or treatment with cytokines (ie IL-2, Interferon) and/ or VEGF ligand inhibitors (bevacizumab) are permitted.
Minimum of 18 years of age (there is no upper age limit)
Radiological progressive disease.
ECOG performance status of 0 and 1.
Prior exposure to targeted therapy within the previous 4 months. Targeted therapy consists of VEGF targeted agents or mTOR inhibitors. A gap of at least 2 week off therapy is required prior to study entry (this gap should be at least 6 weeks for bevacizumab).
Evidence of measurable disease (ie, ≥1 malignant tumour mass that can be accurately measured in at least 1 dimension ≥ 20 mm with conventional computerized tomography [CT] scan or Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI], or ≥10 mm with spiral CT scan using a 5 mm or smaller contiguous reconstruction algorithm). Bone lesions, ascites, peritoneal carcinomatosis or miliary lesions, pleural or pericardial effusions, lymphangitis of the skin or lung, cystic lesions, or irradiated lesions are not considered measurable.
Adequate organ function as defined by the following criteria:
Life expectance >12 weeks
Signed and dated informed consent document indicating that the patient (or legally acceptable representative) has been informed of all the pertinent aspects of the trial prior to enrolment.
Willingness and ability to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plans and laboratory tests and other study procedures
Exclusion criteria
Congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass graft in the previous six months, ongoing severe heart disease.
Females of child-bearing potential, defined as all women physiologically capable of becoming pregnant, without exceptions, Unless; They meet the following definition of post-menopausal: 12 months of natural (spontaneous) amenorrhea or 6 months of spontaneous amenorrhea with serum FSH levels >40 IU/l, OR; Have past 6 weeks from surgical bilateral oophorectomy with or without hysterectomy OR;
Females are expected to use two forms of contraception. The following combinations of contraception are acceptable:
Note: Reliable contraception must be maintained throughout the study.
Females of child bearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test prior to starting the study. Females must not be pregnant or lactating.
Male subjects and their partners who are not using two highly effective methods of contraception, comprising a barrier method (e.g. condom with spermicidal gel) plus use by the female partner of a second method of contraception (e.g. hormonal, IUD, barrier method such as occlusive cap with spermicide). These measures should be in place for the entire duration of the study up the Study Completion visit, and males should refrain from fathering a child in the 12 months following the last dose of study medication.
Other severe acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition, or laboratory abnormality that would impart, in the judgment of the investigator, excess risk associated with study participation or study drug administration, or which, in the judgment of the investigator, would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this study
Patients with a recent history(in the previous 3 months) of poorly controlled hypertension with resting blood pressure >150/100 mmHg in the presence or absence of a stable regimen of anti-hypertensive therapy, or patients who are requiring maximal doses of calcium channel blockers to stabilize blood pressure
Mean QTc with Bazetts correction >480msec in screening ECG or history of familial long QT syndrome
Any evidence of interstitial lung disease (bilateral, diffuse, parenchymal lung disease), especially pulmonary fibrosis.
Significant haemorrhage (>30mL bleeding/episode in previous 3 months) or haemoptysis (>5mL fresh blood in previous 4 weeks)
Recent (<14 days) major thoracic or abdominal surgery prior to entry into the study, or a surgical incision that is not fully healed
Unresolved toxicity ≥ CTC grade 2 (except alopecia) from previous anti-cancer therapy.
History of other malignancies (except for adequately treated basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or carcinoma in situ or localised controlled prostate cancer or cervical cancer) within 2 years.
Known inherited or acquired immunodeficiency
Other concomitant anti-cancer therapy (excluding LHRH agonists).
Current steroid use. Concomitant use of steroids on study should be considered an adverse event and the clinical trials unit should be contacted.
Previous bone marrow transplant
Uncontrolled diabetes (fasting glucose 2x ULN.)
Patients with any severe and /or uncontrolled medical conditions such as serious uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia, uncontrolled hyperlipidemia, active or uncontrolled serve infection, cirrhosis or persistent active hepatitis (where hepatitis is suspected, investigations must be undertaken) or severely impaired lung function.
Impairment of gastrointestinal (GI) function or GI disease that may significantly alter the absorption of dovitinib or everolimus (e.g. ulcerative diseases, uncontrolled nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, malabsorption syndrome, or small bowel resection).
Patients who are currently receiving anticoagulation treatment with therapeutic doses of warfarin.
Patient on strong or moderate inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 include ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, atazanavir, nefazodone, saquinavir, telithromycin, ritonavir, amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, delavirdine, fosamprenavir, voriconazole, aprepitant, erythromycin, fluconazole, grapefruit juice, verapamil, or diltiazem
Presence of brain metastases