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The purpose of this study is to determine whether interventions aimed at increasing sympathetic tone modify endothelial function measures as assessed by the measurement of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and constriction (FMC). The investigators hypothesize that the three interventions under study will increase FMC while causing a blunting in FMD.
Further, the investigators plan to study the circadian variability of FMC and FMD. The investigators hypothesize a peak of FMD in the late hours of the day and a peak of FMC in the early hours.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Myogenic activation | Active Comparator | Subjects will undergo endothelial function assessment at rest and, after a 45 minutes pause, 1 minute after begin of myogenic activation |
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| Cold pressure test | Active Comparator | Subjects will undergo endothelial function assessment at rest and, after a 45 minutes pause, 1 minute after begin of cold pressure test |
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| mental stress | Active Comparator | Subjects will undergo endothelial function assessment at rest and, after a 45 minutes pause, 1 minute after begin of mental stress |
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| Control | Active Comparator | Control visit - no intervention performed - subjects will undergo endothelial function measurement twice at a distance of 45 minutes |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental stress | Procedure | Subjects will be asked to perform complex mathematic operations at a very fast pace |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in FMD in response to sympathetic activation | Flow-mediated dilation will be measured at rest and during each of the interventions. | Change in FMD before versus 1 Minute after begin of intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in FMC during sympathetic activation | Change in Flow-mediated constriction induced by each of the interventions. | Change in FMC before versus 1 minute after begin of each intervention |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Tommaso Gori, MD PhD | University Medical Center Mainz | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University Medical Center Mainz | Mainz | Rhineland-Palatinate | 55131 | Germany |
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| no intervention | Other | control visit |
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| Myogenic activation | Procedure | A pneumatic cuff will be inflated to suprasystolic pressure around both thighs and the subjects will be asked to perform plantar flexion exercises. |
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| Cold pressure test | Procedure | A hand will be placed in ice-cold water. |
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