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The purpose of this research study is to help scientists and health care providers learn more about preventing dementia and brain disease in older adults. There is an urgent need to develop strategies to prevent or slow down memory loss and brain function decline in the elderly.
In this study, the investigators hope to learn how physical exercise and a brain training program work together to improve thinking and memory in older adults. Specifically, these aims include:
Research Participants take part in a 16 week Wellness Program, which includes either traditional physical exercise with brain training(Group A), Wii exergaming with brain training(Group B) or brain training alone (Group C). Participants are randomly assigned to groups.
A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests, surveys and assessments are given prior to start of the intervention, at completion of the 16 weeks, and again 3 months post completion.
The program involves 4 days of physical activity each week for groups A & B. The physical exercise/activity portion will involve warm up stretching and then either Group A-traditional exercise (like riding a stationary recumbent bicycle or walking on a treadmill), Group B- playing Nintendo Wii Exergames with a television based video game, or Group C- NO exercise at all.
Every 4th week the 16 week intervention period, all participants in all three groups will also complete 80 minutes of brain training activities each day of the week. This is in addition to the previously assigned physical activity for Groups A & B. The brain training regimen consists of Posit Science Insight computer based brain games.
The Insight program consists of five different modules that focus on visual processing, attention, and memory. Each of the modules are described below:
Questionnaires regarding the participants mood before and after the brain training weekly are administered. In addition, brief questionnaires on attention and memory are given to measure thinking and memory progress.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Training plus Exercise | Experimental | Physical exercise will be achieved using traditional methods of aerobic exercise. Participants may choose between walking on a treadmill or riding on a stationary bike (Choices include recumbent or traditional sit-up bike.) Every 4th week, participants will add 80mins./day of Insight gaming for cognitive training. |
|
| Cognitive Training plus Exergames | Active Comparator | Physical exercise in this group will be achieved using the Nintendo Wii Sports Resort and Wii Sports video games. A standardized gaming plan will be used for all participants, with play starting at 15 mins. and increasing 5 mins each week after, up to a maximum of 40 play minutes. Every 4th week, participants will add 80mins./day of Insight gaming for cognitive training. |
|
| Cognitive Training | Active Comparator | Participants will complete 80 mins/day during the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th weeks of the intervention. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | Behavioral | Participants will do physical activity that raises heart rate to a target heart rate (THR)zone which is pre-calculated using the Karvonen Formula: (THR={(max. heart rate- rest heart rate) x %intensity} + resting heart rate Participants begin exercise regimen starting at 50% THR for intensity and gradually increase by 5% up to a maximum of 75% THR. Activity duration begins at 10 mins./day and increases 5 mins. every week following to a maximum of 40 mins. Polar Heart Rate monitors are used to measure THR and save resulting data. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Bird Safari Subtest of PositScience Insight | Participants identify the bird that is different from the others as it flashes briefly on screen. The test measures visual speed and precision. The test is adaptive, and becomes more difficult with practice in that bird pairs get more similar, backgrounds get more complex, and distance from the center increases. The raw score is in milliseconds. As participants improve, the birds flash for fewer milliseconds, giving them a lower (better) score. Thus, LOWER SCORES reflect IMPROVEMENT These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) | Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
| Jewel Diver Subtest of PositScience Insight | Participants track target objects as they move around the screen. This is a measure of divided attention. As participants master the task, it is made more difficult in that: (a) objects travel more quickly, (b) objects travel over larger area, (c) objects travel for longer, (d) visual contrast decreases. The score is the number of objects participants are able to track. Thus, HIGHER SCORES reflect IMPROVEMENT These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) | Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
| Master Gardener Subtest of PositScience Insight | Participants watch as three or five images briefly flash in different positions on screen. This task measures visual processing speed and visual working memory. As participants master the task, it is made more difficult via: (a) the images change, becoming more similar, (b) the images are shown over a larger area on screen, and (c) participants go from viewing 3 images to 5 images. Participant score is in milliseconds, so that as they improve, the images flash on screen for fewer milliseconds. Thus LOWER SCORES are indicative of IMPROVEMENT. These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task | The TIADL consists of five timed instrumental activities of daily (TIADL) tasks. The score that is generated is the total time required to perform the tasks (e.g., finding a telephone number, making change, finding and reading the ingredients on a can of food, finding food items on a shelf, reading instructions on medicine container). Thus LOWER SCORES are indicative of IMPROVEMENT. These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Dawn Bowers, Ph.D. | University of Florida- PHHP, CHP | Principal Investigator |
| Michael M Marsiske, Ph.D. | University of Florida, PHHP, CHP | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Village Retirement Community | Gainesville | Florida | 32653 | United States |
Exclusion criteria included Mini Mental Status Examination scores less than 25, a diagnosis of dementia or neurologic condition, unstable medical conditions, low hearing or vision, inability to engage in physical exercise, or already active (for more that 125 minutes per week at 75% their maximum target heart rate).
Participants in the VITAL study were all healthy elders aged 60 years or older. The VITAL participants were drawn from the independent living portion of the retirement community where the study was located as well as from the broader Gainesville community.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Cognitive Training Plus Exercise | Physical exercise will be achieved using traditional methods of aerobic exercise. Participants may choose between walking on a treadmill or riding on a stationary bike (Choices include recumbent or traditional sit-up bike.) Exercise: Participants will do physical activity that raises heart rate to a target heart rate (THR)zone which is pre-calculated using the Karvonen Formula: (THR={(max. heart rate- rest heart rate) x %intensity} + resting heart rate Participants begin exercise regimen starting at 50% THR for intensity and gradually increase by 5% up to a maximum of 75% THR. Activity duration begins at 10 mins./day and increases 5 mins. every week following to a maximum of 40 mins. Polar Heart Rate monitors are used to measure THR and save resulting data. Every fourth week, participants will complete Cognitive Training. See Cognitive Training arm for details. |
| FG001 | Cognitive Training Plus Exergames | Physical exercise in this group will be achieved using the Nintendo Wii Sports Resort and Wii Sports video games. A standardized gaming plan will be used for all participants, with play starting at 15 mins. and increasing 5 mins each week after, up to a maximum of 40 play minutes. Exergames: Participants experience Wii Video Games in a standardized format, beginning with 15 mins of seated play per day on week one, and then increasing 5 mins./week on each week following up to a maximum of 40mins. of play. Participants are made aware of the Target Heart Rate Zone for the week, but are not required to reach that zone during play. The THR is calculated by the Karvonen Formula: THR={(max. heart rate- rest heart rate) x %intensity} + resting heart rate Polar Heart Rate monitors are used to measure THR and save resulting data. Every fourth week, participants will complete Cognitive Training. See Cognitive Training arm for details. |
| FG002 | Cognitive Training | Participants will complete 80 mins/day during the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th weeks of the intervention. Cognitive Training: Posit Science INSIGHT program games are used for all cognitive training. Participants are exposed to (2) forty minute game sessions per day, for the cognitive training weeks #4,8,12,16. INSIGHT Assessments are done at baseline, the start of each training week and at week 28. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Cognitive Training Plus Exercise | Physical exercise will be achieved using traditional methods of aerobic exercise. Participants may choose between walking on a treadmill or riding on a stationary bike (Choices include recumbent or traditional sit-up bike.) Exercise: Participants will do physical activity that raises heart rate to a target heart rate (THR)zone which is pre-calculated using the Karvonen Formula: (THR={(max. heart rate- rest heart rate) x %intensity} + resting heart rate Participants begin exercise regimen starting at 50% THR for intensity and gradually increase by 5% up to a maximum of 75% THR. Activity duration begins at 10 mins./day and increases 5 mins. every week following to a maximum of 40 mins. Polar Heart Rate monitors are used to measure THR and save resulting data. Participants also received cognitive training every fourth week. See "Cognitive Training" arm for description. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Bird Safari Subtest of PositScience Insight | Participants identify the bird that is different from the others as it flashes briefly on screen. The test measures visual speed and precision. The test is adaptive, and becomes more difficult with practice in that bird pairs get more similar, backgrounds get more complex, and distance from the center increases. The raw score is in milliseconds. As participants improve, the birds flash for fewer milliseconds, giving them a lower (better) score. Thus, LOWER SCORES reflect IMPROVEMENT These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | T-score units | Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
|
5 years
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Cognitive Training Plus Exercise | Physical exercise will be achieved using traditional methods of aerobic exercise. Participants may choose between walking on a treadmill or riding on a stationary bike (Choices include recumbent or traditional sit-up bike.) Exercise: Participants will do physical activity that raises heart rate to a target heart rate (THR)zone which is pre-calculated using the Karvonen Formula: (THR={(max. heart rate- rest heart rate) x %intensity} + resting heart rate Participants begin exercise regimen starting at 50% THR for intensity and gradually increase by 5% up to a maximum of 75% THR. Activity duration begins at 10 mins./day and increases 5 mins. every week following to a maximum of 40 mins. Polar Heart Rate monitors are used to measure THR and save resulting data. Every fourth week, participants will complete Cognitive Training. See Cognitive Training arm for details. |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 363801007 Observable feature of falls | General disorders | SNOMED CT | Systematic Assessment | Participant fell during Wii gaming activity. Xrays revealed no fractures or other injury. Participant resumed research study and completed. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Dawn Bowers | University of Florida | (352) 392-3450 | dawnbowers@phhp.ufl.edu |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D000088544 | Exergaming |
| D000091942 | Cognitive Training |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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|
| Exergames | Behavioral | Participants experience Wii Video Games in a standardized format, beginning with 15 mins of seated play per day on week one, and then increasing 5 mins./week on each week following up to a maximum of 40mins. of play. Participants are made aware of the Target Heart Rate Zone for the week, but are not required to reach that zone during play. The THR is calculated by the Karvonen Formula: THR={(max. heart rate- rest heart rate) x %intensity} + resting heart rate Polar Heart Rate monitors are used to measure THR and save resulting data. |
|
| Cognitive Training | Behavioral | Posit Science INSIGHT program games are used for all cognitive training. Participants are exposed to (2) forty minute game sessions per day, for the cognitive training weeks #4,8,12,16. INSIGHT Assessments are done at baseline, the start of each training week and at week 28. |
|
| Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
| Road Tour Subtest of PositScience Insight | Participants choose which car they saw at the center of the screen, and also locate where a "Route 66" sign appeared in the periphery. This is a measure of useful field of view and visual processing speed. As participants master the task, it is made more difficult via: (a) distractors are added, (b) distance from the center increases, (c) cars get more similar, and (d) backgrounds get more complex. Score is in milliseconds. As participants improve, the cars and road signs flash for fewer milliseconds, giving them a lower (better) score. Thus LOWER SCORES are indicative of IMPROVEMENT. These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) | Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
| Sweep Seeker Subtest of PositScience Insight | Participants watch two patterns that "sweep" in or out and identify their direction. The test measures visual processing speed. As participants master the task it is made more difficult via: (a) the colors of the sweeps change, (b) the direction of the sweeps change, and (c) the thickness of the bars change. Participants' scores are in milliseconds. As participants improve, the visual sweeps speed up, giving participants a lower (better) score. Thus LOWER SCORES are indicative of IMPROVEMENT. These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) | Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
| Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
| BG001 | Cognitive Training Plus Exergames | Physical exercise in this group will be achieved using the Nintendo Wii Sports Resort and Wii Sports video games. A standardized gaming plan will be used for all participants, with play starting at 15 mins. and increasing 5 mins each week after, up to a maximum of 40 play minutes. Exergames: Participants experience Wii Video Games in a standardized format, beginning with 15 mins of seated play per day on week one, and then increasing 5 mins./week on each week following up to a maximum of 40mins. of play. Participants are made aware of the Target Heart Rate Zone for the week, but are not required to reach that zone during play. The THR is calculated by the Karvonen Formula: THR={(max. heart rate- rest heart rate) x %intensity} + resting heart rate Polar Heart Rate monitors are used to measure THR and save resulting data. Participants also received cognitive training every fourth week. See "Cognitive Training" arm for description. |
| BG002 | Cognitive Training | Participants will complete 80 mins/day during the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th weeks of the intervention. Cognitive Training: Posit Science INSIGHT program games are used for all cognitive training. Participants are exposed to (2) forty minute game sessions per day, for the cognitive training weeks #4,8,12,16. INSIGHT Assessments are done at baseline, the start of each training week and at week 28. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Full Range | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
Physical exercise will be achieved using traditional methods of aerobic exercise. Participants may choose between walking on a treadmill or riding on a stationary bike (Choices include recumbent or traditional sit-up bike.)
Exercise: Participants will do physical activity that raises heart rate to a target heart rate (THR)zone which is pre-calculated using the Karvonen Formula:
(THR={(max. heart rate- rest heart rate) x %intensity} + resting heart rate
Participants begin exercise regimen starting at 50% THR for intensity and gradually increase by 5% up to a maximum of 75% THR. Activity duration begins at 10 mins./day and increases 5 mins. every week following to a maximum of 40 mins. Polar Heart Rate monitors are used to measure THR and save resulting data.
Every 4th week, participants will add 80mins./day of Insight gaming for cognitive training (see Cognitive Training arm for details)
| OG001 | Cognitive Training Plus Exergames | Physical exercise in this group will be achieved using the Nintendo Wii Sports Resort and Wii Sports video games. A standardized gaming plan will be used for all participants, with play starting at 15 mins. and increasing 5 mins each week after, up to a maximum of 40 play minutes. Exergames: Participants experience Wii Video Games in a standardized format, beginning with 15 mins of seated play per day on week one, and then increasing 5 mins./week on each week following up to a maximum of 40mins. of play. Participants are made aware of the Target Heart Rate Zone for the week, but are not required to reach that zone during play. The THR is calculated by the Karvonen Formula: THR={(max. heart rate- rest heart rate) x %intensity} + resting heart rate Polar Heart Rate monitors are used to measure THR and save resulting data. Every 4th week, participants will add 80mins./day of Insight gaming for cognitive training (see Cognitive Training arm for details) |
| OG002 | Cognitive Training | Participants will complete 80 mins/day during the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th weeks of the intervention. Cognitive Training: Posit Science INSIGHT program games are used for all cognitive training. Participants are exposed to (2) forty minute game sessions per day, for the cognitive training weeks #4,8,12,16. INSIGHT Assessments are done at baseline, the start of each training week and at week 28. |
|
|
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| Primary | Jewel Diver Subtest of PositScience Insight | Participants track target objects as they move around the screen. This is a measure of divided attention. As participants master the task, it is made more difficult in that: (a) objects travel more quickly, (b) objects travel over larger area, (c) objects travel for longer, (d) visual contrast decreases. The score is the number of objects participants are able to track. Thus, HIGHER SCORES reflect IMPROVEMENT These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | T-score units | Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
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|
|
| Primary | Master Gardener Subtest of PositScience Insight | Participants watch as three or five images briefly flash in different positions on screen. This task measures visual processing speed and visual working memory. As participants master the task, it is made more difficult via: (a) the images change, becoming more similar, (b) the images are shown over a larger area on screen, and (c) participants go from viewing 3 images to 5 images. Participant score is in milliseconds, so that as they improve, the images flash on screen for fewer milliseconds. Thus LOWER SCORES are indicative of IMPROVEMENT. These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | T-score units | Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Road Tour Subtest of PositScience Insight | Participants choose which car they saw at the center of the screen, and also locate where a "Route 66" sign appeared in the periphery. This is a measure of useful field of view and visual processing speed. As participants master the task, it is made more difficult via: (a) distractors are added, (b) distance from the center increases, (c) cars get more similar, and (d) backgrounds get more complex. Score is in milliseconds. As participants improve, the cars and road signs flash for fewer milliseconds, giving them a lower (better) score. Thus LOWER SCORES are indicative of IMPROVEMENT. These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | T-score units | Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
|
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|
| Primary | Sweep Seeker Subtest of PositScience Insight | Participants watch two patterns that "sweep" in or out and identify their direction. The test measures visual processing speed. As participants master the task it is made more difficult via: (a) the colors of the sweeps change, (b) the direction of the sweeps change, and (c) the thickness of the bars change. Participants' scores are in milliseconds. As participants improve, the visual sweeps speed up, giving participants a lower (better) score. Thus LOWER SCORES are indicative of IMPROVEMENT. These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | T-score units | Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
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| Secondary | Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task | The TIADL consists of five timed instrumental activities of daily (TIADL) tasks. The score that is generated is the total time required to perform the tasks (e.g., finding a telephone number, making change, finding and reading the ingredients on a can of food, finding food items on a shelf, reading instructions on medicine container). Thus LOWER SCORES are indicative of IMPROVEMENT. These scores have been converted to T-scores (standardized scores with an average of 50 and standard deviation of 10). The formula used was: T-score = ((((participant score minus sample mean at baseline) / (sample standard deviation at baseline) ) * 10) + 50) | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | T-score units | Baseline (Week 0), immediate posttest (Week 16), delayed posttest (Week 28) |
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|
| 0 |
| 25 |
| 0 |
| 25 |
| EG001 | Cognitive Training Plus Exergames | Physical exercise in this group will be achieved using the Nintendo Wii Sports Resort and Wii Sports video games. A standardized gaming plan will be used for all participants, with play starting at 15 mins. and increasing 5 mins each week after, up to a maximum of 40 play minutes. Exergames: Participants experience Wii Video Games in a standardized format, beginning with 15 mins of seated play per day on week one, and then increasing 5 mins./week on each week following up to a maximum of 40mins. of play. Participants are made aware of the Target Heart Rate Zone for the week, but are not required to reach that zone during play. The THR is calculated by the Karvonen Formula: THR={(max. heart rate- rest heart rate) x %intensity} + resting heart rate Polar Heart Rate monitors are used to measure THR and save resulting data. Every fourth week, participants will complete Cognitive Training. See Cognitive Training arm for details. | 1 | 21 | 0 | 21 |
| EG002 | Cognitive Training | Participants will complete 80 mins/day during the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th weeks of the intervention. Cognitive Training: Posit Science INSIGHT program games are used for all cognitive training. Participants are exposed to (2) forty minute game sessions per day, for the cognitive training weeks #4,8,12,16. INSIGHT Assessments are done at baseline, the start of each training week and at week 28. | 0 | 18 | 0 | 18 |
|
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| D000066530 | Neurological Rehabilitation |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
| D005791 | Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D006296 | Health Services |
| D005159 | Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services |
|
| Jewel Diver Time 3 |
|
|
Occasion by arm interaction. Null hypothesis of no group differences in improvement (Interaction has p-value > .05) |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
degrees of freedom are (4,97.108) |
| 0.254 |
P-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons, and p < .05 is the a priori threshold for statistical significance |
| 2-Sided |
| No |
| Superiority or Other |
|
| Master Gardener Time 3 |
|
|
Occasion by arm interaction. Null hypothesis of no group differences in improvement (Interaction has p-value > .05) |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
degrees of freedom are (4,99.601) |
| 0.781 |
P-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons, and p < .05 is the a priori threshold for statistical significance |
| 2-Sided |
| No |
| Superiority or Other |
|
| Road Tour Time 3 |
|
|
Occasion by arm interaction. Null hypothesis of no group differences in improvement (Interaction has p-value > .05) |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
degrees of freedom are (4,102.216) |
| 0.026 |
P-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons, and p < .05 is the a priori threshold for statistical significance |
| 2-Sided |
| No |
| Superiority or Other |
|
| Sweep Seeker Time 3 |
|
|
Occasion by arm interaction. Null hypothesis of no group differences in improvement (Interaction has p-value > .05) |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
degrees of freedom are (4,93.167) |
| 0.313 |
P-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons, and p < .05 is the a priori threshold for statistical significance |
| 2-Sided |
| No |
| Superiority or Other |
|
| Timed IADL Time 3 |
|
|
Occasion by arm interaction. Null hypothesis of no group differences in improvement (Interaction has p-value > .05) |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
degrees of freedom are (4,115.593) |
| 0.498 |
P-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons, and p < .05 is the a priori threshold for statistical significance |
| 2-Sided |
| No |
| Superiority or Other |