The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and efficacy of TRx0237 in the treatment of subjects with mild Alzheimer's Disease.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of all cause dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease
• Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) total score of 0.5 or 1 (mild) and MMSE score of 20-26 (inclusive)
• Age <90 years
• Modified Hachinski ischemic score of ≤4
• Females, if of child-bearing potential, must practice true abstinence or be competent to use adequate contraception and agree to maintain this throughout the study
• Subject, and/or, in the case of reduced decision-making capacity, legally acceptable representative(s) consistent with national law is/are able to read, understand, and provide written informed consent
• Has one (or more) identified adult caregiver who is willing to provide written informed consent for his/her own participation; is able to read, understand, and speak the designated language at the study site; either lives with the subject or sees the subject for ≥2 hours/day ≥3 days/week; agrees to accompany the subject to each study visit; and is able to verify daily compliance with study drug
• If currently taking an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and/or memantine at the time of Screening, the subject must have been taking such medication(s) for ≥3 months. The dosage regimen must have remained stable for ≥6 weeks and it must be planned to remain stable throughout participation in the study.
• Able to comply with the study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

• Significant central nervous system (CNS) disorder other than Alzheimer's disease

• Significant focal or vascular intracranial pathology seen on brain MRI scan

• Clinical evidence or history of stroke, transient ischemic attack, significant head injury or other unexplained or recurrent loss of consciousness ≥15 minutes

• Epilepsy

• Major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder, substance (including alcohol) related disorders

• Metal implants in the head (except dental), pacemaker, cochlear implants, or any other non-removable items that are contraindications to MRI

• Resides in hospital or moderate to high dependency continuous care facility

• History of swallowing difficulties

• Pregnant or breastfeeding

• Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

• History of significant hematological abnormality or current acute or chronic clinically significant abnormality

• Abnormal serum chemistry laboratory value at Screening deemed to be clinically relevant by the investigator

• Clinically significant cardiovascular disease or abnormal assessments

• Preexisting or current signs or symptoms of respiratory failure

• Concurrent acute or chronic clinically significant immunologic, hepatic, or endocrine disease (not adequately treated) and/or other unstable or major disease other than Alzheimer's disease

• Diagnosis of cancer within the past 2 years prior to Baseline (other than basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer or Stage 1 prostate cancer) unless treatment has resulted in complete freedom from disease for at least 2 years

• Prior intolerance or hypersensitivity to methylthioninium-containing drug, similar organic dyes, or any of the excipients

• Treatment currently or within 3 months before Baseline with any of the following medications (unless otherwise noted):

  • Tacrine
  • Clozapine, olanzapine (and there is no intent to initiate therapy during the course of the study)
  • Carbamazepine, primidone
  • Drugs with a warning or precaution in the labeling of methemoglobinemia at approved doses

• Current or prior participation in a clinical trial as follows:

  • Clinical trial of a product for cognition in which the last dose was received within 90 days prior to Screening (unless confirmed to have been randomized to placebo)
  • A clinical trial of a drug, biologic, device, or medical food in which the last dose/administration was received within 28 days prior to Baseline