A. The study follows a randomized controlled design with approximately 60 smokers with a history of alcohol abuse age 18-29. The study will compare a 7-week mindfulness intervention to a matched 7-week education intervention to evaluate intervention effect on smoking cessation and reduction in alcohol use. The primary hypothesis is that the mindfulness intervention will yield statistically significantly higher smoking abstinence than controls as measured by carbon monoxide breath test and Time Line Follow Back at at the end of treatment (2-weeks post smoking cessation attempt).

B. The study follows a randomized controlled study design with division of approximately 60 individuals into 2 groups. The study group (n=30) will be called "Mindfulness Training for Smokers" (MTS) and will provide 7 weeks of mindfulness meditation instruction. The control group (n=30) will be called the "Interactive Learning for Smokers" (ILS) will provide 7 weeks of addiction instruction. Classes in both groups will be 2 hours long. At meeting 5, the "quit day," all participants will attempt to quit smoking permanently and attempt to quit using alcohol for 4 weeks.

Mindfulness Training For Smokers (MTS) Course Outline is as following:

Meeting 1 Introduction. Meditation training: posture, breath counting, mindful recognition of thoughts. Mindfulness meditation: physical sensation, emotion. Philosophical orientation: addiction, meditation. Meeting 2 Mindful monitoring: craving curve, withdrawal symptoms (agitation, anxiousness, anger, anhedonia, confusion, hunger, defeatist thoughts). Meeting 3 Education: tobacco and alcohol disorders. Motivational information. Meeting 4 Practical strategies: tobacco and alcohol cessation. Meeting 5 QUIT DAY, Individual-work and group-work focusing on thoughts, cravings, and withdrawal symptoms occurring in individuals that day. Meeting 6 Individual and group discussion of progress. Review: mindfulness, thoughts, emotions, physical sensations, drug cues, triggers. Meeting 7 Discussion of long-term meditation practices and risks.

Daily Mindfulness Meditation: All participants will be asked to meditate 30 minutes per day for 7 weeks.

Control Group Intervention (ILS) The control intervention is designed to be a time matched effective treatment for tobacco and alcohol addiction. The treatment is an interactive "class" in addiction including 7 meetings (matched to study subjects). Controls will be asked to engage in daily "non-directed walking" 30 minutes per day and not smoking when they walk. In addition, controls (as study group participants) will be provided with other practical strategies for smoking cessation taken from the American Lung Association, Freedom from Smoking program and The Mayo Clinic Nicotine Dependence Center program.

Quit day: The quit day for controls as well as study subjects will be at meeting-5 (same as for study group). For study subjects, this day will be held in silence and will include 5 hours of various meditation practices, including a silent bag lunch. For controls, this day will include a 5-hour study session in a punctuated by several non-directed walks. All class time activities and quit day activities will be conducted as a group. MTS and ILS study participants will attempt smoking cessation at midnight the night before meeting five. Participants will be told to collect and destroy all of their alcohol, cigarettes, and tobacco-related paraphernalia beforehand. During the meeting on the "quit day" participants will perform CO testing to confirm abstinence. A secondary goal of the intervention is alcohol reduction for the purpose of reducing risk for smoking relapse. Because long term complete abstinence from alcohol is an unnecessary and perhaps unrealistic, goal for most non-dependent drinkers, the goal for all participants is alcohol abstinence for 4 weeks.

Description of Sample: Participants will consist of 60 subjects age 18-25. There will be an effort to include gender and ethnicity with distribution seen in the Madison population.

C. Recruitment: Recruitment will be conducted through placement of recruitment flyers throughout the UW-Madison, MATC, and Edgewood campuses as well as the greater Madison area. Recruitment will also use recruitment flyer in electronic form to advertise and through Craig's List and newspaper ads. These will all use identical format as is used in the flyer. For each of these mediums, an electronic version of the recruitment flyer will be posted. Recruitment will also included one-minute presentations to classes by personnel or the faculty/staff teaching the class. This will entail showing a power point slide with the electronic recruitment flyer, and may or may not include reading it out loud to students. This will only occur if the professor of a particular class agrees to this one minute presentation. Advertisements will state that the intervention is designed to help participants quit smoking. An effort will also be made to include minority students in a percentage that reflects university minority enrollment. Respondents will be screened by phone for the criteria listed below. Those who meet criteria will be scheduled for an orientation session, which will describe the intervention. Interested individuals will be offered the consent form, after which, randomization to study group or control group will be performed via random number generation. Recruitment will continue until 30 controls and 30 group participants (3 cohorts of 10) have been enrolled or until statistical significance between groups is reached. Subjects will be paid $20 at the quit day, the 2 week post-quit visit, and $40 at the 8-week and 6-month post-quit visits (total of $120). In addition to a total of $120 per participant payment, participants who come to all 4 data collection days will have their name put in a "lottery" drawing for $1000.

Inclusions: 1) Age 18 to 29 years; 2) Tobacco use of at least 10 cigarettes per day for at least 6 months; and, 3) Alcohol use of 5 or more binges/month (Binge = 5 or more drinks for a male, 4 or more for a female). Rationale for Inclusions: Tobacco use levels are set to allow for a broad range of daily tobacco use, while eliminating occasional smokers. Alcohol use set at this level to include the majority of student smokers (known to drink at this level) and provide outcomes information on co-treatment of alcohol and tobacco.

Exclusions: 1) A baseline (orientation meeting) CO level < 10, 2) Self report of pre-existing diagnosis of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or other delusional disorder; 3) Self report of pre-existing diagnosis of personality disorder (e.g., borderline, antisocial, schizoaffective personality disorders). 4) Self report of alcohol use of 4 drinks or more a night on 6 or more nights per week.

Rationale for Exclusions: Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia, delusional disorders, and personality disorders are used as exclusions because of the high potential for individuals with these disorders to disrupt other participants in therapeutic group session. A CO level of 10 is required to establish a minimal level of tobacco dependence. High level alcohol use is an exclusion criterion because these individuals may withdraw from alcohol during alcohol reduction.

Hypothesis: The primary hypothesis is that the mindfulness intervention will yield statistically significantly higher smoking abstinence than controls as measured by carbon monoxide breath test and Time Line Follow Back at at the end of treatment (2-weeks post smoking cessation attempt).

D. Safety Monitoring Plan This study proposes to obtain information from participants about their age, race, gender, as well as psychiatric and drug use information. All data from human subjects in this research protocol will be obtained by interview or questionnaire and will be obtained specifically for research purposes. Subject names will not be kept on data records, but instead, a standardized code will be used for identification. Access to these code numbers will be limited to staff members of the research team. All collected forms will be stored in locked file cabinets. Patient identifiers will be kept in separate files from the data forms. All patient identifiers will be destroyed at the end of the trial. No existing records or data will be utilized. Alcohol Withdrawal: Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal in clinically dependent drinkers include sweating, nervousness, nausea and vomiting, headaches, myalgias, tremors, delusions, hallucinations, seizures and death. Heavy drinkers (4 or more drinks/day) will be excluded from the study to ensure that subjects with a potential for clinical withdrawal are not in the study. Nonetheless, participants will be instructed that if symptoms of withdrawal occur, they are to report immediately to the emergency room for treatment and notify Dr. Davis (PI) of their condition. Dr. Davis is board certified in Internal Medicine and routinely manages patients in alcohol withdrawal.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age: 18 to 29 years
2. Tobacco use of at least 10 cigarettes per day for at least 6 months
3. Alcohol use of 5 or more binges/month (Binge = 5 or more drinks for males, 4 or more for females)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Baseline (orientation meeting) CO level < 10
2. Self report of pre-existing bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, other delusional disorder
3. Self report of pre-existing diagnosis of personality disorder (e.g. borderline, antisocial, schizoaffective personality disorders)
4. Self report of alcohol use of 4 drinks or more on 6 or more nights per week.

Total randomized

1. Participants were not blinded to their respective treatment conditions.
2. Attrition reduced power and generalizability.