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Pain is the most common complaint for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Inadequate pain relief is also a common problem in ED. Patients' pain perceptions and responses to intravenous opioids vary widely and are influenced by multiple factors. The objective of the current study is to examine the association between total body weight, BMI (body mass index) and clinical response to a fixed dose of intravenous hydromorphone.
Pain is the most common complaint for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). Morphine and hydromorphone are the two most commonly administrated intravenous opioid analgesics. However, a large inter-individual variation in the response to morphine or hydromorphone has been observed and a significant number of patients do not have satisfactory pain relief after receiving commonly administered doses of these two medications. Current studies have focused on investigating optimal strategies of intravenous opioid use for moderate and severe pain in the ED.
Contrary to the commonly recommended total body weight (TBW) based dosing strategy, a recent publication did not demonstrate a linear relationship between TBW and clinical response to morphine.
The ultimate goal of the research is to identify optimal methods of dosing opioids to alleviate pain in ED patients. The objective of this study is to examine the association between two measures of body size/body composition and response to a standard dose of hydromorphone. The null hypothesis is that there is no association between the measures of body size/composition and response to 1 mg hydromorphone, and thus no difference between the associations. If a strong association exists between TBW or BMI and pain response, it will lend support for the importance of taking body size or composition into account when making decisions about hydromorphone dosing in the ED. It will lay the groundwork for future studies of analgesic dosing. This is of particular importance given the increasing prevalence of obesity in the US and other developed nations.
Specific Aims:
The results of the current study will suggest whether body size or composition play a role in the clinical response to hydromorphone and may lay the groundwork for further studies to determine whether dosing should be modified to take these characteristics into account either continuously, e.g. 0.015 mg/kg hydromorphone or categorically (increasing doses by category of BMI).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydromorphone | Other | Every enrolled patients will receive a fixed dose (1mg) of intravenous hydromorphone. Pain scale change, patients' satisfaction, requirements for additional pain medications, side effects and adverse events will be recorded at 15 and 30 minutes. Patients' weight and height will be measured. Age, gender, and race/ethnicity will also be recorded. Blood draw for genetic study will be performed. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydromorphone | Drug | a fixed dose (1 mg) of hydromorphone will be given to the study subjects |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Correlation Between Change in Pain Intensity and TBW at 30 Minutes Post-treatment | Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 30 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Correlation Between Change in Pain Intensity and BMI at 30 Minutes Post-treatment | Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 30 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and body mass index (BMI). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Correlation Between Change in Pain Intensity and TBW at 15 Minutes Post-treatment | Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 15 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants Who Desired for More Analgesics | Some participants liked to receive additional analgesics after hydromorphone treatment. Number of participants who desired for additional analgesics is reported. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Adrienne Birnbaum, MD | Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jacobi Medical Center | The Bronx | New York | 10461 | United States | ||
| North Central Bronx Hospital |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26286816 | Derived | Xia S, Chew E, Choe D, Hernandez L, Birnbaum A. No correlation between body size and hydromorphone analgesia in obese patients in ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Oct;33(10):1522-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.07.020. Epub 2015 Jul 21. No abstract available. |
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Participants were patients with acute pain recruited from the Emergency Department at Jacobi Medical Center
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Hydromorphone | Every enrolled patients will receive a fixed dose (1mg) of intravenous hydromorphone. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
174 participants completed the treatment but only 163 participants were included in data analysis. The 11 participants were excluded from the data analysis because 2 had prior opioid use, 2 had chronic pain instead acute pain and 7 did not get measured or weighed by staff as required.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Hydromorphone | Every enrolled patients will receive a fixed dose (1mg) of intravenous hydromorphone. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | age |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Correlation Between Change in Pain Intensity and TBW at 30 Minutes Post-treatment | Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 30 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | 174 participants completed the treatment but only 163 participants were included in data analysis. The 11 participants were excluded from the data analysis because 2 had prior opioid use, 2 had chronic pain instead acute pain and 7 did not get measured or weighed by staff as required. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | correlation coefficient | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
Adverse events were monitored and recorded till 30 minutes after hydromorphone administration while participants were at the ED.
Oxygen saturation was measured by pule oximetry. Blood pressure was measured by blood pressure monitor. Nausea, vomit, and itching were recorded by direct observation.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Hydromorphone | Every enrolled patients will receive a fixed dose (1mg) of intravenous hydromorphone. |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxygen saturation level < 92% | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment | Hydromorphone could cause respiratory depression, which could lead to low oxygen saturation level. |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nausea | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment | Hydromorphone could cause nausea. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Shujun Xia | Jacobi Medical Center | 718-918-5800 | shujun.xia@nbhn.net |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D059787 | Acute Pain |
| D004630 | Emergencies |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004091 | Hydromorphone |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009022 | Morphine Derivatives |
| D009019 | Morphinans |
| D053610 | Opiate Alkaloids |
| D000470 | Alkaloids |
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| 15 minutes post-treatment |
| Pain Treatment Satisfaction Levels as Assessed by Self-report | Participant's satisfaction with their treatment were assessed by self-report. After treatment, participants were asked "How satisfied are you with the result of your pain treatment today?" and they were told to pick their satisfaction level from "very dissatisfied," "dissatisfied," "uncertain," "satisfied," and "very satisfied." Participants at each level is reported. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Number of Participants With Oxygen Saturation Level < 92% | Opioids can induce respiratory depression, which could lead to low oxygen saturation level. Prolonged low oxygen saturation level < 92% could cause brain damage. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Number of Participants With Nausea | Opioids can could induce nausea. Number of participants with nausea is reported. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Effect of Gender on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of gender on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from o (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Effects of Race/Ethnicity on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of race/ethnicity on the correlation between total body weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from o (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Opioid Receptor (OPRM1, A118G) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving opioid receptor (OPRM1, A118G). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The median and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Effects of Age on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | Age might affect the responses to the hydromorphone treatment. The effects of age on the correlation between total body weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. The mean of age was compared in TBW tertile groups. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Number of Participant With Systolic Blood Pressure < 90 mmHg | Opioids can induce low blood pressure. Prolonged low systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg can cause shock and multi-organ failure. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Effect of Gender on the Correlation Between BMI and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of gender on the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and change in pain intensity. Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and body mass index (BMI). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Number of Participants With Vomit | Opioids can induce vomit. Number of participants with vomit is reported. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Number of Participants With Skin Itching | Opioids can induce skin itching. Number of participants with skin itching is reported. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Association Between Change in Pain Intensity and BMI at 15 Minutes Post-treatment | Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 15 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and body mass index (BMI). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | 15 minutes post-treatment |
| Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Opioid Transporter (ABCB1, C3435T) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving opioid transporter (ABCB1, C3435T). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The mean and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Pain Sensitivity (COMT, G1947A) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving pain sensitivity (COMT, G1947A). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The mean and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Opioid Metabolism (UGT2B7, -G840A) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving opioid metabolism (UGT2B7, -G840A). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The mean and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test. | 30 minutes post-treatment |
| The Bronx |
| New York |
| 10467 |
| United States |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | age | Mean | Standard Deviation | year |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | gender | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Cause of pain | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Pain duration | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | days |
|
Every enrolled patients will receive a fixed dose (1mg) of intravenous hydromorphone.
|
|
| Secondary | Correlation Between Change in Pain Intensity and TBW at 15 Minutes Post-treatment | Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 15 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | correlation coefficient | 15 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Pain Treatment Satisfaction Levels as Assessed by Self-report | Participant's satisfaction with their treatment were assessed by self-report. After treatment, participants were asked "How satisfied are you with the result of your pain treatment today?" and they were told to pick their satisfaction level from "very dissatisfied," "dissatisfied," "uncertain," "satisfied," and "very satisfied." Participants at each level is reported. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants With Oxygen Saturation Level < 92% | Opioids can induce respiratory depression, which could lead to low oxygen saturation level. Prolonged low oxygen saturation level < 92% could cause brain damage. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants With Nausea | Opioids can could induce nausea. Number of participants with nausea is reported. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Effect of Gender on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of gender on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from o (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | correlation coefficient | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Effects of Race/Ethnicity on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of race/ethnicity on the correlation between total body weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from o (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and total body weight (TBW). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | Only Hispanic and African American were analyzed, since these two populations were most common in our study participants (Hispanic 57.1%; African American 24.5%). | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | correlation coefficient | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Opioid Receptor (OPRM1, A118G) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving opioid receptor (OPRM1, A118G). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The median and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Effects of Age on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | Age might affect the responses to the hydromorphone treatment. The effects of age on the correlation between total body weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. The mean of age was compared in TBW tertile groups. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | years | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Other Pre-specified | Number of Participants Who Desired for More Analgesics | Some participants liked to receive additional analgesics after hydromorphone treatment. Number of participants who desired for additional analgesics is reported. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Primary | Correlation Between Change in Pain Intensity and BMI at 30 Minutes Post-treatment | Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 30 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and body mass index (BMI). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | 174 participants completed the treatment but only 163 participants were included in data analysis. The 11 participants were excluded from the data analysis because 2 had prior opioid use, 2 had chronic pain instead acute pain and 7 did not get measured or weighed by staff as required. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | correlation coefficient | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participant With Systolic Blood Pressure < 90 mmHg | Opioids can induce low blood pressure. Prolonged low systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg can cause shock and multi-organ failure. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Effect of Gender on the Correlation Between BMI and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of gender on the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and change in pain intensity. Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and body mass index (BMI). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | correlation coefficient | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants With Vomit | Opioids can induce vomit. Number of participants with vomit is reported. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants With Skin Itching | Opioids can induce skin itching. Number of participants with skin itching is reported. Understanding all potential negative impacts of Hydromorphone helps make it safer for clinical use. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Association Between Change in Pain Intensity and BMI at 15 Minutes Post-treatment | Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported 15 minutes after treatment. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between change in pain intensity and body mass index (BMI). The reported value represents the correlation coefficient. | Posted | Number | 95% Confidence Interval | correlation coefficient | 15 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Opioid Transporter (ABCB1, C3435T) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving opioid transporter (ABCB1, C3435T). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The mean and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Pain Sensitivity (COMT, G1947A) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving pain sensitivity (COMT, G1947A). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The mean and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | 30 minutes post-treatment |
|
|
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| Secondary | Effects of Single-nucleotide Polymorphisms of Opioid Metabolism (UGT2B7, -G840A) on the Correlation Between TBW and Change in Pain Intensity | This study evaluated the effect of genetic factors on the correlation between Total Body Weight (TBW) and change in pain intensity. Clinical responses to hydromorphone could be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gene involving opioid metabolism (UGT2B7, -G840A). Participants were asked to rate their pain levels from 0 (=no pain) to 10 (= worst pain). The change in pain intensity was determined by subtracting the intensity reported before treatment from the intensity reported after treatment. The mean and inter-quantile ranges of pain intensity reduction post-treatment were compared among patients by Kruskal-Wallis test. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | 30 minutes post-treatment |
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| 0 |
| 174 |
| 1 |
| 174 |
| 52 |
| 174 |
|
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| Vomit | Gastrointestinal disorders | Systematic Assessment | Hydromorphone could cause vomit. |
|
| Itching | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment | Hydromorphone could cause skin itching. |
|
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| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D006571 |
| Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D006572 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring |
| D006576 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
| D010616 | Phenanthrenes |
| D011084 | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
| D011083 | Polycyclic Compounds |
| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
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| Satisfied |
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| Very satisfied |
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| Missing |
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| Title | Measurements |
|---|---|
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| Title | Measurements |
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