The purpose of this study was to explore the impacts of different continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) dosage (three 2-Liter exchanges CAPD vs. four 2-Liter exchanges CAPD) on residual kidney function, technique survival, patient survival, and peritonitis in incident Chinese peritoneal dialysis patients.

1. The primary end point for this study was changes in residual kidney function including GFR, daily urine volume (Uvol), and anuria-free survival. GFR and Uvol were evaluated within 1 week before CAPD initiation (the baseline), and then at month 1, 6, 12, 18 and 24. At the same time, body weight, blood pressure, daily net ultrafiltration, dialysis adequacy, peritoneal solute transport rate, and biochemical parameters etc. were assessed. Once an episode of peritonitis or other serious reversible intercurrent illness occurred, all the assessments were delayed one month after being cured. Anuria was termed by daily Uvol permanently less than 100 ml.
2. The secondary end points included technique survival, patient survival and peritonitis. Technique failure was defined as switching to maintenance hemodialysis.

Inclusion Criteria:

• incident CAPD patients aged 18 to 80 years
• GFR ≥ 2 ml/min and Uvol ≥ 500 ml/day

Exclusion Criteria:

• have a history of maintenance hemodialysis or renal transplantation
• anticipated life expectancy less than 6 months
• with active malignancy, acute infection, significant heart failure or in other severe conditions
• unable to give informed consent