•The purpose of this study is to compare the performance between liver biopsy and non-invasive fibrosis assessments evaluating anti-fibrotic efficacy of peginterferon plus ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C pre- and post-treatment

• Patients with histologically advanced hepatitis C receiving peginterferon plus ribavirin combination therapy have showed 30-40% of a sustained virologic response (SVR) rate and 50% of histologic improvement.
• The histologic change of liver is the most important prognosticator to predict further clinical outcomes in advanced hepatitis C patients following peginterferon-based antiviral therapy.
• Although liver biopsy remains the gold standard for histologic assessment, it has several shortcomings in terms of poor repeatability due to its invasiveness and poor reproducibility due to sampling error and intra- or inter-observer variability.
• Treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C will receive PEGASYS® 180 mcg once weekly and ribavirin twice daily for 24 or 48 weeks depending on the genotype of hepatitis C virus (HCV).
• All subjects will be followed for up to 48 weeks after treatment cessation.
• Liver biopsy will be done at baseline and the end of follow-up for the evaluation of histologic response.
• Noninvasive tests for liver fibrosis (ARFI elastography, APRI, FIB-4, FibroTest®, and ELF test) will be assessed per 24 weeks during the whole study period.
• The results of this study will provide insight into the histo-physical link between histologic changes and liver stiffness dynamics during and after peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin treatment in patients with advanced hepatitis C.
• Therefore, noninvasive fibrosis assessments may be useful to trace fibrosis outcomes in patients with advanced hepatitis C receiving antiviral therapy.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male and female subjects ≥20 years of age
• Subjects with positive anti-HCV Ab in sera
• Subjects with detectable HCV RNA by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (> 50 IU/mL)
• Subjects without receiving any previous antiviral treatment
• Subjects undergoing radiologic studies (liver ultrasonography (USG), CT or MRI) to exclude the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within the last 1 year before enrolment
• All fertile males with partners of childbearing age and females must be using reliable contraception during the study and for 3 months after treatment completion
• Written informed consent should be obtained from all subjects.

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of any interferon (IFN)-based therapy before enrolment
• Positive test at screening for anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunoglobulin M (IgM) Ab, HBsAg, anti-hepatitis D virus (HDV) Ab or anti- HIV Ab
• Histologically confirmed liver cirrhosis (F4 of fibrosis stage)
• If subjects have compromised liver function (Child-Pugh score >6)
• Signs or symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma within the last 1 year before enrolment
• History or other evidence of a medical condition associated with chronic liver disease other than viral hepatitis (e.g., hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis, metabolic liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, toxin exposures, thalassemia)
• Women with ongoing pregnancy or who are breast feeding
• Male partner of potentially pregnant women
• Neutrophil count <1,500 cells/mm3 or platelet count <75,000 cells/mm3 at screening
• Hemoglobin <11 g/dL for females and <12 g/dL for men at screening
• Serum creatinine level >1.5 times the upper limit of normal at screening
• Evidence of immunosuppressive therapy
• History of severe psychiatric disease, especially depression.(Severe psychiatric disease is defined as major depression or psychosis, suicidal attempt, hospitalization for psychiatric disease, or a period of disability due to a psychiatric disease)

Hospital-based cohort